Finding information in information technology and computing
利用信息技术和计算机技术寻找信息
LIB_5
Introduction - 简介
- The internet provides a world of information, but how do you find what you are looking for? This unit will help you discover the meaning of information quality and teach you how to evaluate the material...
- 互联网提供的信息覆盖全世界，但是你如何找到你想要找的信息？本单元将帮助你发现信息质量的含义，教你如何评价素材……
1 Finding and using information – rate yourself
1 寻找及使用信息——自我评估
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.1 前言
- If you explore all the resources and activities in this unit, you might need to allow between two and nine hours to complete it.
- 如果你浏览完本单元所有资源和活动，你可能需要用两到九个小时来完成它们。
- 1.2 Key resources
- 1.2 关键资源
- When you need to find information in computing, how confident are you that you know the best places to search (e.g. search engines, subject gateways, online databases etc.) to find the information you...
- 当你需要利用计算机技术来寻找资源，你有多少信心知道自己去哪儿（比如，搜索引擎、主题列表、在线数据库等等）找这些信息……
- 1.3 Searching for information on computing
- 1.3 利用计算机技术搜索信息
- How well does the following statement match what you do when you begin a new search for information?
- 当你开始一次新的信息搜索的时候，你的所作所为达到以下何种程度？
- 1.4 Evaluating information
- 1.4 评价信息
- How well does the following statement describe your approach to evaluating the information that you use?
- 以下语句在多大程度上符合你对你所使用的信息的评价方法？
- 1.5 Organising information
- 1.5 组织信息
- How confident are you that you know when it is appropriate to cite references (refer to the work of other people) in your written work?
- 你对在你的文字工作中什么时候恰当引用资料（指向别人的工作）有多少信心？
- 1.6 Keeping up-to-date
- 1.6 保持最新
- How familiar are you with the following different ways of keeping up to date with information; alerts, mailing lists, newsgroups, blogs, RSS, professional bodies and societies?
- 你对以下保持信息最新状态的不同方法有多熟悉：通知、邮件列表、新闻组、日志、RSS、专业人士及社会关系？
2 Searching for information on computing
2 利用计算机技术搜索信息
- 2.1 Planning your search
- 2.1 计划你的搜索
- Your approach to searching will depend to a great extent on what kind of person you are. In an ideal world, when searching for information for a specific purpose, we would all find what exactly we were...
- 你的搜索方法在很大程度上取决于你这个人。在一个理想的世界里，为一个特定目标搜索信息，我们将会发现所有符合我们……
- 2.1.1 Choosing keywords
- 2.1.1 选择关键词
- Keywords are significant words which define the subject you are looking for. The importance of keywords is illustrated by the fact that there is a whole industry around providing advice to companies on...
- 关键词是一些用来定义你要找主题的，有意义的单词。关键词的重要性在于揭示了一个事实，那就是整个行业都建议公司……
- 2.2 Basic principles
- 2.2 基本原则
- Whatever resource you choose to use to find information on the internet, many of the same principles apply. Each source that you use will probably look quite different from the one you tried before, but...
- 不管你在互联网上搜索什么资源，许多原则都能用上。你使用的每一个资源，都可能和你前面尝试过的看上去完全不同，但是……
3 Resources
3 资源
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.1 简介
- You can find a lot of information about the computing on the internet.
- 你可以在互联网上找到大量计算机技术相关信息。
- 3.2 Search engines and subject gateways
- 3.2 搜索引擎与主题列表
- Although both search engines and subject gateways will help you find the resources that you need, the types of information that you find will differ.
- 虽然搜索引擎和主题列表都能帮助你找到你需要的资源，但你所找到的信息类型还是会有所不同。
- 3.3 Books and electronic books
- 3.3 图书与电子图书
- Books are a good source of information. The publishing process (where a book is checked by an editor before publishing, and often reviewed by another author) means that books are reliable sources of information,...
- 书籍是一个好的信息源。出版过程（书记在出版之前要经过编辑校对，以及其他作者的反复审核）意味着书籍的信息很可靠……
- 3.4 Databases
- 3.4 数据库
- At a basic level, a database is a collection of information which can be searched. It is a way of storing, indexing, organising and retrieving information. You may have created one yourself to keep track...
- 从基本层面上讲，数据库是可搜索到的信息集合。它是一种存储、索引、组织以及检索信息的途径。你可以创建一个自己的……
- 3.5 Journals
- 3.5 专业期刊
- Journals and articles written by academics or experts are an excellent source of information. Journals are usually published monthly or quarterly, and contain a selection of articles providing details...
- 期刊文章通常由大学教师或专家撰写，是一个非常好的信息来源。期刊通常按月或季度出版，包含文章节选，其中提供最新研究的细节……
- 3.6 Encyclopedias
- 3.6 百科全书
- Encyclopedias can be useful reference texts to use to start your research. There are some available online, such as:
- 百科全书可以为你开始研究提供有用的参考文本。这里有一些可用的在线百科全书，比如……
- 3.7 Choosing the right tool for the job
- 3.7 选择恰当的工具
- Before searching it is always a good idea to check what the source you have chosen covers to make sure it will unearth information that matches your search need (you will notice that all the resources...
- 在开始搜索之前，检查你所选信息源的覆盖范围，以确保能从中挖掘出你需要的信息（你会发现，所有……
- 3.8 Summary
- 3.8 总结
- There is a lot of information available on computing via the internet. Try the activities below to start exploring what is available.
- 在互联网上通过计算机技术可以得到大量信息。尝试一下活动来开始探索哪些是有用的。
4 Evaluating computing information on the internet
4 评价互联网上的计算机技术信息
- 4.1 PROMPT
- 4.1 PROMPT
- There is so much information available on the internet on every topic imaginable. But how do you know if it is any good? And if you find a lot more information than you really need, how do you decide what...
- 就你想得到的任何主题，互联网上都能找到非常多的信息。但是你怎么知道它是否有用？如果你找到的信息远远多于你想要的，你如何决定……
- 4.2 P is for Presentation
- 4.2 P是指表达方式
- By presentation, we mean, the way in which the information is communicated. You might want to ask yourself:
- 通过陈述，我们知道，可以用来交流信息。你可能会问自己……
- 4.3 R is for Relevance
- 4.3 R是指相关性
- Relevance is an important factor to consider when you are evaluating information. It isn’t so much a property of the information itself but of the relationship it has with your question or your ‘information...
- 当你评价信息的时候，相关性是一个重要的考量因素。与其说相关性是信息本身的特性，不如说它与你要问的问题之间的关系……
- 4.4 O is for Objectivity
- 4.4 O是指客观性
- One of the characteristics of ‘good’ information is that it should be balanced and present both sides of an argument or issue. This way the reader is left to weigh up the evidence and make a decision....
- “好”信息的特征之一就是它应当提供并平衡各个方面的论据或结果。这样读者可以留下来衡量证据并作出决定……
- 4.5 M is for Method
- 4.5 M是指方法
- Method is about the way in which a piece of information is produced. This is quite a complex area as different types of information are produced in different ways. These are a few suggestions to look out...
- 方法就是产生信息的途径。这是一个很复杂的领域，因为不同类型的信息的产生途径也各不相同。这儿有一些建议……
- 4.6 P is for Provenance
- 4.6 P是指出处
- The provenance of a piece of information (i.e. who produced it? where did it come from?) may provide another useful clue to its reliability. It represents the 'credentials' of a piece of information that...
- 信息的出处（比如，谁制造的信息？原始出处是哪儿？）可以为其可靠性提供有用线索。它代表着信息的“资格”……
- 4.7 T is for Timeliness
- 4.7 T是指时效性
- The date when information was produced or published can be an important aspect of quality. This is not quite as simple as saying that 'good' information has to be up to date.
- 信息产生或出版的日期是信息质量的重要方面。但也不能简单地说最新的信息就是好信息。
- 4.8 Summary
- 4.8 小结
- In this section we have introduced you to the PROMPT checklist as a useful tool for assessing the quality of any piece of information. If you use it regularly you will find that you develop the ability...
- 本节我们介绍了PROMPT一览表，评估信息质量的有用工具。如果你经常使用它，你会发现你发展了能力……
5 Organising your information
5 组织你的信息
- 5.1 Why is it important to be organised?
- 5.1 为什么组织整理很重要？
- 87% of items that are filed into a filing cabinet are never looked at again. STANFORD UNIVERSITY
- 87%的资料归档后再也不会被用到。斯坦福大学……
- 5.2 Ways of organising yourself
- 5.2 整理你自己的一些方法
- How do you organise yourself?
- 如何整理你自己？
- 5.3.1 Desktop search tools
- 5.3.1 桌面搜索工具
- Finding your paperwork or electronic files can be a problem. You may find that even if you do have some sort of filing system, your structure soon gets quite large with files in multiple locations, which...
- 寻找自己的文字工作或者电子文件也是个大问题。即使你有某种程度的归档机制，你也会发现，在很短的时间里，很多地方，产生了大量的文件，这些文件……
- 5.3.2 The 5 Ds
- 5.3.2 五D法
- If you don’t use a system at all, then you could suffer from the effects of information overload:
- 如果你没有使用任何归档机制，那么你可能会遭遇信息超载的影响：
- 5.4 Social bookmarks
- 5.4 社会性书签
- If you find you have a long unmanageable list of favourites/bookmarks you might like to try social bookmarks as an alternative.
- 如果你觉得你的书签/收藏夹已经达到无法整理的时候，你也许可以试一试社会性书签……
- 5.5 Copyright – what you need to know
- 5.5 版权——你该知道些什么
- An original piece of work, whether it is text, music, pictures, sound recordings, web pages, etc., is protected by copyright law and may often have an accompanying symbol (©) and/or legal statement. In...
- 原创作品，无论是文字、音乐、图片、声音、网页或者其他，都受到版权法的保护，一般都伴随着一个©符号以及/或者一份法律声明。在……
- 5.6 Referencing
- 5.6 引用
- We mentioned above that we need to reference sources to ensure we abide by copyright legislation. But there is another reason we need to give accurate references to items we use – so we can share it.
- 前面我们已经指出，我们需要引用来源，以确保我们遵守版权法律。还有一个原因，我们需要给出所用资料的精确出处——我们可以分享它。
- 5.7 Bibliographic software
- 5.7 目录软件
- If you are considering taking your studies further you might like to consider using bibliographic software. Bibliographic software can be used to sort references, annotate them, manage quotations or create...
- 如果你打算深化你的研究，你可以考虑使用目录软件。目录软件可以用来整理、注释参考资料，管理引用或者创建……
- 5.8 Plagiarism
- 5.8 剽窃
- Referencing is not only useful as a way of sharing information, but also as a means of ensuring that due credit is given to other people’s work. In the electronic information age, it is easy to copy and...
- 列出参考文献不仅仅有助于分享信息，而且还意味着确保给予其他人的工作以应有的荣誉。在这个网络信息时代，……
6 Keeping up to date
6 保持最新
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.1 简介
- The process of keeping up-to-date in your chosen subject area is useful for your studies and afterwards, for your own personal satisfaction, or perhaps in your career as part of your continuing professional...
- 在你所选领域保持最新的过程，无论是对你的研究以及后继工作，还是对于你的个人的满意程度，或者对你职业生涯中的持续专业发展的一部分，都有裨益。
- 6.2 Alerts
- 6.2 提醒
- Online bookshops and some of the major search engines offer ‘Alerts’ services. These work by allowing you to set up a profile once you have registered on their site, and when there are items meeting your...
- 在线书店和大部分搜索引擎都提供提醒服务。一旦你在网站上注册该服务，网站会要求你设置一份简单资料，当有符合你要求的信息出现时……
- 6.3 Mailing lists and newsgroups
- 6.3 邮件列表和新闻组
- Mailing or discussion lists are email-based discussion groups. When you send an email to a mailing list address, it is sent automatically to all the other members of the list.
- 邮件或讨论列表是基于电子邮件的讨论组。当你发送一份电子邮件到邮件列表地址时，它会自动发给列表中的所有其他成员。
- 6.4 Blogs
- 6.4 日志
- Technorati reports that over 100 000 new ‘blogs’ are created each day. Because these online diaries offer instant publishing opportunities, you potentially have access to a wealth of knowledge from...
- Technorati 表明每天都会新建超过一百万个日志。因为这种在线日记，使得信息得以实时出版，你可能获得丰富的知识……
- 6.5 RSS
- 6.5 RSS
- RSS (‘Really Simple Syndication’ or ‘Rich Site Summary’) newsfeeds supply headlines, links, and article summaries from various websites. By using RSS ‘feedreader’ software you can gather together a range...
- RSS（真正简单聚合，或者丰富网站摘要）新闻源支持从多个网站进行新闻提要、链接以及文章摘要。通过使用RSS新闻源阅读软件，你可以集合……
- 6.6 Professional bodies and societies
- 6.6 专业人士和社会关系
- Consider joining a learned society or professional organisation. They can be very useful for conference bulletins as well as in-house publications, often included in the subscription. Don't forget to ask...
- 考虑加入一个学术团体或者专业组织。他们的会议通报和附带订阅的内部刊物非常有用。不要忘记……
Introduction
简介
The internet provides a world of information, but how do you find what you are looking for? This unit will help you discover the meaning of information quality and teach you how to evaluate the material you come across. You will learn how to plan your searches effectively and be able to experiment with some of the key resources in this area.
互联网提供的信息覆盖全世界，但是你如何找到你想要找的信息？本单元将帮助你发现信息质量的含义，教你如何评价你所遇到的素材。你将学习如何有效地安排你的搜索，并能够试验领域内的一些关键资源。
Learning Outcomes
学习成果
By the end of this guide you should be able to:
在介绍这篇指南之后你应该能够：
- conduct your own searches efficiently and effectively;
- 高效地进行你自己的搜索；
- find references to material in bibliographic databases;
- 寻找目录数据库中的引用资料；
- make efficient use of full text electronic journals services;
- 充分利用全文电子期刊服务；
- critically evaluate information from a variety of sources;
- 批判的评价来源各异的信息；
- understand the importance of organising your own information;
- 明白组织你自己信息的重要性；
- identify some of the systems available;
- 找出一些可用的系统；
- describe how to use bookmarks/favorites for web resources;
- 说清楚如何使用书签/收藏夹来管理网上资源；
- understand how and why to cite references in your work;
- 明白如何以及为何要在工作中引用资料；
- produce a bibliography;
- 生成一份目录；
- identify and use different tools and techniques to keep yourself up to date.
- 识别并使用不同的工具和技术，使自己保持最新。
1 Finding and using information – rate yourself
1 寻找及实用信息——自我评估
1.1 Introduction
1.1 简介
If you explore all the resources and activities in this unit, you might need to allow between two and nine hours to complete it.
如果你浏览完本单元所有资源和活动，你可能需要用两到九个小时来完成它们。
Before you read this guide, why not use the self-assessment questions on the following screens to rate your current level of knowledge?
在你阅读本篇指南之前，为什么不利用下一页的自测题来评估一下你当前的知识水平？
Print or save these questions and for each question, mark the most appropriate number on the scale. When you have finished, you can review your answers. A score of three of less might indicate a gap in your knowledge or understanding, and you may want to pay particular attention to these areas when you work through the guide.
打印或者保存这些问题，对于每个问题，选择最适合的分数。完成之后你可以检查你的答案。分数低于三分表示你的知识或理解可能有缺陷，在完成本篇指南的时候，你可能需要特别注意这些领域。
1.2 Key resources
1.2 关键资源
When you need to find information in computing, how confident are you that you know the best places to search (e.g. search engines, subject gateways, online databases etc.) to find the information you need?
当你需要利用计算机技术来寻找资源，你有多少信心知道自己去哪儿（比如，搜索引擎、主题列表、在线数据库等等）找这些信息？![]()
- 5 – Very confident
- 4 – Confident
- 3 – Fairly confident
- 2 – Not very confident
- 1 – Not confident at all
- 5 - 非常有信心
- 4 - 有信心
- 3 - 比较有信心
- 2 - 不那么有信心
- 1 - 完全没有信心
How familiar are you with journal articles as a source of information?
作为一种信息源，你有多熟悉专业期刊文章？
- 5 – Very familiar
- 4 – Familiar
- 3 – Fairly familiar
- 2 – Not very familiar
- 1 – Not familiar at all
- 5 - 非常熟悉
- 4 - 熟悉
- 3 - 比较熟悉
- 2 - 不那么熟悉
- 1 - 完全不熟悉
1.3 Searching for information on computing
1.3 利用计算机技术搜索信息
How well does the following statement match what you do when you begin a new search for information?
当你开始一次新的信息搜索的时候，你的所作所为达到以下何种程度？
Before I begin a new search for information (maybe for an assignment, or to help you choose your next holiday destination), I spend some time thinking about what I already know, what the gaps in my knowledge are, and the best types of information to meet my needs.
在我开始一次新的信息搜索之前（可能是一次作业，抑或帮助你选择下一次假期目的地），我花上一些时间思考在我的知识中哪些是我已经知道的，还缺少哪些，以及满足我需求的最好信息类型是什么。
- 5 – This is an excellent match; this is exactly what I do
- 4 – This is a good match; I usually do this
- 3 – This is a reasonable match; I do this to some extent
- 2 – This is a poor match; I don’t really do this
- 1 – This does not match; I don’t do this at all
- 5 - 完全符合，我就是这样做的
- 4 - 多数符合，我经常这样做
- 3 - 一般符合，我在一定程度上这样做
- 2 - 很少符合，我不怎么这样做
- 1 - 不符合，我根本没有这样做
How well does the following statement match what you do when you are thinking of keywords or search words to use to search for information?
当你思索用来搜索信息的关键词的时候，你的所作所为达到以下何种程度？
When thinking of search words, I break down my topic into broad areas and then identify the most appropriate search words. I also consider any synonyms or alternative subject words that might have been used to describe my topic.
在考虑关键词的时候，我把主题分解到相当广泛的领域，然后确定最合适的搜索词语。我也考虑任何能够用来描述我的主题的同义词或可替换的主题词语。
- 5 – This is an excellent match; this is exactly what I do
- 4 – This is a good match; I usually do this
- 3 – This is a reasonable match; I do this to some extent
- 2 – This is a poor match; I don’t really do this
- 1 – This does not match; I don’t do this at all
- 5 - 完全符合，我就是这样做的
- 4 - 多数符合，我经常这样做
- 3 - 一般符合，我在一定程度上这样做
- 2 - 很少符合，我不怎么这样做
- 1 - 不符合，我根本没有这样做
1.4 Evaluating information
1.4 评价信息
How well does the following statement describe your approach to evaluating the information that you use?
当你评价信息的时候，你的所作所为达到以下何种程度？
When I come across a new piece of information (e.g. a website, newspaper article) I consider the quality of the information, and based on that I decide whether or not to use it.
当我遇到一份新的信息（比如网站、新闻报道）的时候，我考虑的是这份信息的质量，并基于此决定是否使用它。
- 5 – This is an excellent match; this is exactly what I do
- 4 – This is a good match; I usually do this
- 3 – This is a reasonable match; I do this to some extent
- 2 – This is a poor match; I don’t really do this
- 1 – This does not match; I don’t do this at all
- 5 - 完全符合，我就是这样做的
- 4 - 多数符合，我经常这样做
- 3 - 一般符合，我在一定程度上这样做
- 2 - 很少符合，我不怎么这样做
- 1 - 不符合，我根本没有这样做
1.5 Organising information
1.5 组织信息
How confident are you that you know when it is appropriate to cite references (refer to the work of other people) in your written work?
你对在你的文字工作中什么时候恰当引用资料（指向别人的工作）有多少信心？
- 5 – Very confident
- 4 – Confident
- 3 – Fairly confident
- 2 – Not very confident
- 1 – Not confident at all
- 5 - 非常有信心
- 4 - 有信心
- 3 - 比较有信心
- 2 - 不那么有信心
- 1 - 完全没有信心
How confident do you feel about producing bibliographies (lists of references) in an appropriate format to accompany your written work?
对于在你的文字工作中以适当的格式制作文献索引（参考资料列表），你有多少信心？
- 5 – Very confident
- 4 – Confident
- 3 – Fairly confident
- 2 – Not very confident
- 1 – Not confident at all
- 5 - 非常有信心
- 4 - 有信心
- 3 - 比较有信心
- 2 - 不那么有信心
- 1 - 完全没有信心
1.6 Keeping up-to-date
1.6 保持最新
How familiar are you with the following different ways of keeping up to date with information; alerts, mailing lists, newsgroups, blogs, RSS, professional bodies and societies?
你对以下保持信息最新状态的不同方法有多熟悉：通知、邮件列表、新闻组、日志、RSS、专业人士及社会关系？
- 5 – Very familiar
- 4 – Familiar
- 3 – Fairly familiar
- 2 – Not very familiar
- 1 – Not familiar at all
- 5 - 非常熟悉
- 4 - 熟悉
- 3 - 比较熟悉
- 2 - 不那么熟悉
- 1 - 完全不熟悉
2 Searching for information on computing
2 利用计算机技术搜索信息
2.1 Planning your search
2.1 计划你的搜索
Your approach to searching will depend to a great extent on what kind of person you are. In an ideal world, when searching for information for a specific purpose, we would all find what exactly we were looking for at the first attempt, especially if we are in a hurry. However, it’s always a good idea to have some kind of plan when you are searching for information, if only to help you plan your time and make sure you find the information you need. If I was starting to search for material on how to reduce the impact of my life on the environment, I would form a rough plan. I propose the following plan as one I could use, and as a plan for you to use.
你的搜索方法在很大程度上取决于你这个人。在一个理想的世界里，为一个特定目标搜索信息，我们将会发现第一次尝试就能找到所有符合我们的信息，哪怕我们只是随便一搜。然而，如果在你搜索信息的时候心里有一个计划，用来帮助你计划时间并确保你找到自己需要的信息，这总是一个好主意。如果我开始搜索如何减少我的生活对环境造成的影响的相关资料，我会制定一份粗略的计划。我在下面提出的计划也是我在使用的，也希望你能使用它。
If you wish to view this animation in a separate player please click on the link below.
如果你想在新窗口中观看此动画片，请点击下面的链接。
Launch in separate player
在新窗口中打开
View transcript
查看成绩单
2.1.1 Choosing keywords
2.1.1 选择关键词
Keywords are significant words which define the subject you are looking for. The importance of keywords is illustrated by the fact that there is a whole industry around providing advice to companies on how to select keywords for their websites that are likely to make it to the top of results lists generated by search engines. We often choose keywords as part of an iterative process; usually if we don't hit on the right search terms straight off, most of us tweak them as we go along based on the results we get.
关键词是一些用来定义你要找主题的，有意义的单词。关键词的重要性在于揭示了一个事实，那就是整个行业都建议各个公司如何选择关键词，以使其网站有可能出现在搜索引擎产生的结果排名的顶部。选择关键词常常是一个反复过程；通常我们并不立即找到正确的搜索词汇，我们大部分人是在已有结果的基础上找到它的。
However, if you are looking for specific information it is sometimes better to take a systematic approach to choosing your keywords. Follow my example below.
然而，如果你有时候为了更好地采取系统的办法来选择关键词，寻找特定的信息，请看下面的例子。
- Ask yourself, what do I need to know? – I need to know more about personalisation and privacy in online banking.
- 问问你自己，你需要知道什么？——我需要知道有关网上银行业务的个人隐私的更多信息。
- Break the topic down into its broad areas or concepts. You will usually find that your question breaks down into a couple of ideas or concepts. Personalisation – privacy – online banking.
- 将主题分解到很多领域或者概念。通常你会发现你的主题分解成几个想法或概念。个人-隐私-网上银行。
- Think of some alternative words for the words you have chosen - for instance, 'young people' and 'adolescents' mean roughly the same thing. So that you don't miss anything, remember:
- 为你所选单词选择一些替代性词语——具体来说，“年轻人”和“青少年”基本上说的是一回事。为了不让你遗忘什么东西，请记住：
-
- Plurals – child, children
- 复数——小孩，小孩们
- Abbreviations – UK, United Kingdom
- 缩写——英国，联合王国
- Variations in spelling – colour, color, specialised, specialized
- 书写变化——骰子，色子，其他，其它
- Variations in terminology used in different cultures and countries – for instance, 'children with emotional and behavioural problems' (UK) are referred to as 'maladjusted children' in the US.
- 因为国家或文化不同而造成的属于变化——具体来说，“情绪及行为问题儿童”（英国）在美国称为“失调儿童”。
This will help to ensure that you find things that an author might have referred to using different terms. It is important to think of synonyms or alternative subject words when you are planning a search because including synonyms will ensure that you don't miss relevant material. But don't worry if you can't always find any sensible substitutes for the words you have chosen – there might not be any. In this example, I might use:
这将有助于确保你发现某作者有可能使用的不同词汇。当你计划搜索的时候考虑同义词或者可替换主题词很重要，因为同义词将确保你不会遗失相关资源。但是如果你并不是总能为你所选词语找到合理的替代品的话，也不用担心——有可能根本就没有。在这个例子中，我可能会使用：
- data protection as well as privacy;
- “受限数据”代替“隐私”
- customisation as well as personalisation;
- “定制”代替“个性化”
- electronic banking as well as online banking.
- “电子银行”代替“网上银行”
as well as techniques. I might use 'increasing' as well as 'improving'.
在技术上，我会使用“增加”来代替“改进”。
- Write out your query in full – I need to know about personalisation or customisation and data protection or privacy and electronic or online banking.
- 完整写出你的查询——我需要知道个性化或定制以及受限数据或者隐私，以及电子银行或网上银行。
By using this approach, I have created a search statement that I can use to search any resource, whether it’s a search engine, a database or an electronic journal.
利用这种方法，现在我可以说，我已经能够搜索任何资源，不管是在搜索引擎、数据库，还是电子期刊。
2.2 Basic principles
2.2 基本原则
Whatever resource you choose to use to find information on the internet, many of the same principles apply. Each source that you use will probably look quite different from the one you tried before, but you'll notice that there are always features that are similar – a box to type your search terms in, for instance, or a clickable help button. Different resources refer to the same functions using different terminology, but the principles behind them are exactly the same. The trick is to check the clues given on the screen or in the 'help' of the individual database you are using.
不管你在互联网上搜索什么资源，许多原则都能用上。你使用的每一个资源，都可能和你前面尝试过的看上去完全不同，但是你将发现一些共同特征——比如，供你输入单词的输入框，或者可以点击的帮助按钮。不同的资源对于同一功能有着不同的称呼，但是背后的原则都是一样的。诀窍在于检查你正在使用的个人数据库屏幕上或帮助中给出的线索，
Use the checklist of common features at the bottom of this page to explore:
利用本页底部的共同特征列表来探索：
- A search engine such as Google – particularly the advanced search features
- 诸如Google等搜索引擎——特别是高级搜索功能
- A book catalogue, such as WorldCat
- 一份书籍目录，比如WorldCat
- A site providing access to electronic journals, such as IT Architect
- 一个提供电子期刊的网站，比如“IT Architect”
Checklist of common features
共同特征列表
- Is there any online help?
- 有在线帮助么？
- Can I do a simple search?
- 我能进行简单搜索么？
- Can I look at the information in both short and detailed form?
- 我能查看信息的简略形式和详细形式么？
- Can I choose where in the record I want my search terms to be found?
- 我能在搜索结果当中做进一步选择么？
- Can I search for phrases?
- 我能搜索短语么？
- Can I combine search terms?
- 我能合并使用搜索词语么？
- Can I use truncation?
- 我能使用截取操作么？
- Can I use wildcards?
- 我能使用通配符么？
- Can I do an advanced search?
- 我能使用该级搜索么？
- Can I get a list of what I've found?
- 我能得到一份搜索结果列表么？
3 Resources
3 资源
3.1 Introduction
3.1 简介
You can find a lot of information about the computing on the internet.
你可以在互联网上找到大量计算机技术相关信息。
To find this information you might choose to use:
要找到这些信息你可以选择使用：
- search engines and subject gateways;
- 搜索引擎与主题列表；
- books and electronic books;
- 书籍和电子书籍；
- databases;
- 数据库；
- journals.
- 专业期刊。
3.2 Search engines and subject gateways
3.2 搜索引擎和主题列表
Although both search engines and subject gateways will help you find the resources that you need, the types of information that you find will differ.
虽然搜索引擎和主题列表都能帮助你找到你需要的资源，但你所找到的信息类型还是会有所不同。
Search engines such as Google and Yahoo! search the internet for keywords or phrases, and then show you the results. These results are not mediated by the search engines, and therefore you need to use your own judgement on the reliability of the results. You may, for example, find websites written by experts, alongside websites written by someone with little knowledge of the subject.
Google 和 Yahoo! 这些搜索引擎利用关键字或短语搜索互联网，然后向你显示结果。这些结果与搜索引擎没有关系，所以你需要自己判断结果的可靠性。比如，你可能找到专家书写的网站，混同在一些半桶水书写的网站之中。
You may wish to try using some search engines such as:
你也许会希望尝试这些搜索引擎：
for the subject you are interested in.
来搜索你感兴趣的主题。
You can also find more scholarly information through the search engine Google Scholar
你也可以通过搜索引擎Google Scholar来寻找学术信息。
Google Scholar searches peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organisations. However, as not everything listed on Google Scholar is freely available, you may find that you cannot access certain resources.
Google 学术搜索引擎从学术出版机构、专业协会、预印文本库、大学以及其他学术机构搜索同行审查论文、论文、书籍、摘要及文章。然而，Google学术搜索列出的并非一切都可免费使用，你也许会发现你不能访问某些资源。
Subject gateways (also called Directories), in contrast to search engines, provide links to more academic, reliable information. They usually provide a brief description of the resource as well as a link directly to it. Directories and gateways can be browsed and usually searched too. Most directories and gateways are maintained manually with strictly imposed quality criteria, so the resources directories and gateways return will generally be of a consistent quality. As a result of the limited coverage, you may get a smaller number of results or 'hits' returned from a directory or gateway.
主题列表（也叫做目录），与搜索引擎不同，提供的信息链接更加专业、可信。他们通常为链接指向的资源提供一份简短的描述。目录和列表可以浏览也可以搜索。绝大多数目录和列表采用手工维护，以严格保证质量标准，因此资源目录和列表返回的结果通常质量都很一致。由于结果的范围有限，你从目录或者列表中得到的结果数量可能会比较小。
Subject gateways you may wish to try include:
你可能会希望尝试这些主题列表：
| BUBL | Contains selected information resources covering all subject areas. Search by keyword or browse by subject.
包含的信息资源覆盖所有课题领域。按关键字搜索或按主题浏览。
|
| Intute: computing | Intute is maintained within UK universities to provide links to evaluated network resources.
因图泰由英国大学维护，提供经过评价了的网络资源链接。
|
| TechXtra | A companion site to Intute for locating articles, books, the best websites, the latest industry news, job announcements, technical reports, technical data, ful text reprints, the latest research, teaching and learning resources and more, in engineering, mathematics and computing.
因图泰的伙伴网站，用以定位工程、数学和计算科学方面的文章、书籍、最佳网站、最新行业新闻、招聘公告、技术报告、技术数据、全文复印件、最新研究、教学和学习资源，等等。
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3.3 Books and electronic books
3.3 书籍和电子书籍
Books are a good source of information. The publishing process (where a book is checked by an editor before publishing, and often reviewed by another author) means that books are reliable sources of information, although they may need to be evaluated for bias.
书籍是一个好的信息源。出版过程（书记在出版之前要经过编辑校对，以及其他作者的反复审核）意味着书籍是一个可靠的信息来源，尽管他们可能评估的时候带有偏见。
| WorldCat | References to over 1 billion items in 10,000 libraries worldwide.
参考世界上一千所图书馆中超过一亿项资料。
|
| Internet Public Library | This project began from a graduate seminar in library and information studies at the University of Michigan. The idea is to find, review and categorise the best internet resources. There is a computing section.
该项目开始于图书馆中的研究生研讨会和密歇根大学的信息研究。旨在寻找、审查、分类最好的互联网资源。专门有一个计算机科学章节。
|
To find out about other books available in your subject area, you can search library catalogues and/or online bookshops. These are listed on the Open Library page Catalogues and bookshops.
要寻找在你课题领域的其他书籍，你可以搜索图书馆分类以及网上书店。这里有一份开放图书馆目录和书店的清单。
3.4 Databases
3.4 数据库
At a basic level, a database is a collection of information which can be searched. It is a way of storing, indexing, organising and retrieving information. You may have created one yourself to keep track of your references – or your friends' names and addresses. They are useful for finding articles on a topic, and can be used to search for many different types of information.
从基本层面上讲，数据库是可搜索到的信息集合。它是一种存储、索引、组织以及检索信息的途径。你可以创建一个自己的数据库，来跟踪你的参考文献，或者你的朋友姓名和地址。这对于寻找某个主题的文章很有用处，也可以用于搜索许多不同类型的信息。
You may find some of the following databases useful for your topic. They contain different types of information, but are all searchable.
你可以找到下面这些对你主题有用的数据库。它们含有不同类型的信息，而且都是可以搜索到的。
| ROUTES | ROUTES is a database providing access to selected quality-assessed freely available Internet resources, selected by course teams and the Open University Library's Learning and Teaching Librarians.
ROUTES 是一个数据库，提供对经过质量评估的免费可用互联网资源的访问，由课程小组和开放大学图书馆的学习与教学图书管理员进行筛选。
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3.5 Journals
3.5 专业期刊
Journals and articles written by academics or experts are an excellent source of information. Journals are usually published monthly or quarterly, and contain a selection of articles providing details of recent research. Often they will also contain reviews of relevant books. They are usually published more quickly than books, and so are often more up to date.
期刊文章通常由大学教师或专家撰写，是一个非常好的信息来源。期刊通常按月或季度出版，包含文章节选，其中提供最新研究的细节。他们也常常发表对相关书籍的评论。他们通常比书籍出版的更快，因此多能切合时宜。
To access content of journals, most publishers require a subscription. There are, however, some journals which you can freely access in full text via the internet without paying a subscription fee.
要访问期刊内容，绝大多数出版社都要求订阅。然而也有一些期刊，你可以通过互联网免费访问全文内容，而不需付费订阅。
| Directory of Open Access Journals | DOAJ provides free access to selected scholarly journals. It can be browsed by title or subject, as well as searched for keywords.
DOAJ提供对所选学术期刊的免费访问。可以通过标题或课题进行浏览，也可以利用关键字进行搜索。
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| IT Architect | This searchable online magazine provides information technology (IT) and network managers with strategic analysis, new technology and product reports and peer-to-peer information in the form of case studies. It is possible to sign up for free electronic newsletters.
这一可搜索的在线杂志为信息技术（IT）和网络管理员以个案研究的形式提供战略分析、新技术和产品报告，以及点对点信息。它可能需要免费注册电子简报。
|
3.6 Encyclopedias
3.6 百科全书
Encyclopedias can be useful reference texts to use to start your research. There are some available online, such as:
百科全书可以为你开始研究提供有用的参考文本。这里有一些可用的在线百科全书，比如：
| Wikipedia | A freely available collaborative encyclopedia.
一个免费的协作式百科全书。
|
3.7 Choosing the right tool for the job
3.7选择恰当的工具
Before searching it is always a good idea to check what the source you have chosen covers to make sure it will unearth information that matches your search need (you will notice that all the resources we’ve covered in this guide have short descriptions to enable you to decide which to use). Some of the decision makers, depending on the context of your search might be:
在开始搜索之前，检查你所选信息源的覆盖范围，以确保能从中挖掘出你需要的信息（你会发现，我们在本篇指南中所覆盖的所有资源都有简短描述，以允许你做出选择）。有一些决策者，取决于你的搜索环境：
- Does it have full text?
- 是否有全文？
- Does it cover the right subject?
- 是否覆盖正确的课题？
- Does it match the type of information I need, e.g. news, figures, facts, opinion, research, etc?
- 是否与我需要的信息类型相匹配，比如，新闻、人物、事实、舆论、研究等等？
- Does it match the right format of information I need, e.g. books, journal articles, theses, images, etc?
- 是否与我需要的正确信息格式相匹配，比如，书籍、期刊文章，论文、图片等等？
- Does it contain peer reviewed information?
- 是否包含同行审查信息？
3.8 Summary
3.8 小结
There is a lot of information available on computing via the internet. Try the activities below to start exploring what is available.
在互联网上通过计算机技术可以得到大量信息。尝试一下活动来开始探索哪些是有用的。
Activity
活动
Use the Intute 'Internet for information and communication technology' tour to find out the types of information available, and to identify some key websites. Don’t forget to add any interesting and useful sites to your basket within the tutorial, or make a note of them to explore in more detail another time.
使用因图泰的“信息与通讯技术互联网之旅”找出可用的信息类型，并标注出一些重点网站。不要忘记在练习中，把任何感兴趣的和有用的网站添加到你的篮子中去，或者记下它们，以便在另外的时间做更详细的探索。
4 Evaluating computing information on the internet
4 评价网上的计算机技术信息
4.1 PROMPT
There is so much information available on the internet on every topic imaginable. But how do you know if it is any good? And if you find a lot more information than you really need, how do you decide what to keep and who to discard?
就你想得到的任何主题，互联网上都能找到非常多的信息。但是你怎么知道它是否有用？如果你找到的信息远远多于你想要的，你如何决定留下哪些、放弃哪些？
In this section we are going to introduce a simple checklist to help you to judge the quality of the information you find. Before we do this, spend a few minutes thinking about what is meant by information quality.
本小节我们将介绍一份简单的清单，帮助你判断你发现的信息的质量。开始之前，我们花一点时间考虑一下信息质量意味着什么。
Activity
活动
Imagine you are trying to find out about a current story in the news. Have a look at this website – http://news.bbc.co.uk/
想想你正在试图找到当前新闻中的一个故事。看看这个网站： http://news.sina.com.cn/
We would recommend this to you as a ‘quality’ source of information. If you agree with us, jot down as many words as you can think of to describe what is good about the website. For example, you might think it is clearly presented.
我们向你推荐这个网站，是因为我们认为这是一个可靠的信息来源。如果你同意我们，尽可能写下你认为的这个网站的优点。比如，你可能认为它很清晰的。
What did you come up with?
你想到一些什么优点？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案。
We thought it was:
我们认为：
- Clearly presented
- 很清晰
- Up to date
- 很及时
- Relevant to our purpose
- 与我们的目标一致
- Authoritative (clear who is responsible for it)
- 很权威（清楚谁为之负责）
- Gives a balanced view
- 观点中立
- Based on good evidence
- 基于良好的证据
We think there are six distinct aspects of information quality. These are:
我们认为信息质量有六个特有的表征。它们是：
- Presentation
- 表达
- Relevance
- 关联性
- Objectivity
- 客观性
- Method
- 方法
- Provenance
- 出处
- Timeliness
- 时效性
Or, for short, P R O M P T.
或者，简单地说，P R O M P T。
Let us look at the six aspects, one by one.
让我们来逐个来接这六个方面。
4.2 P is for Presentation
4.2 P是指陈述
By presentation, we mean, the way in which the information is communicated. You might want to ask yourself:
通过陈述，我们知道，可以用来交流信息。你可能会问自己：
- Is the language clear and easy to understand?
- 语言是否清晰易懂？
- Is the information clearly laid out so that it is easy to read?
- 信息是否明确阐述，易于阅读？
- Are the fonts large enough and clear?
- 字体是否足够大而清晰？
- Are the colours effective? (e.g. white or yellow on black can be difficult to read)
- 色彩效果如何？（比如，黑底白字或黄字就难于阅读）
- If there are graphics or photos, do they help the information to be communicated?
- 是否有图形或相片，是否有助于表达信息？
- If there is audio or video, is it clear?
- 是否有音频或视频，是否清晰？
- What about the use of animation? Is it helpful or distracting?
- 动画用的怎么样？有帮助还是有干扰？
Activity
活动
Have a look at this website and explore it. What do you think of it? Can you suggest some problems with the presentation?
打开这个网站并浏览之。你对这个网站有什么看法？你能就其表现方式提出一些意见么？
http://www.ushida-findlay.com/main.html
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
You may have agreed with our concerns below. We thought there were problems with
你可能已经同意我们下面的看法。我们认为在这些方面有问题：
- layout and navigation
- 布局与导航
- choice of font
- 字体的选择
- choice of pictures and design
- 图片与设计的选择
- choice of print size
- 打印尺寸的选择
- lack of structure
- 缺乏结构
- language
- 语言
Presentation is particularly important on the Web because we all spend so much time reading online. Poor presentation can have a negative effect on our physical and mental well-being.. One of the acknowledged experts on the ‘usability’ of websites is Jakob Nielsen. If you would like to hear him talking about usability on the Web you could listen to this podcast interview or have a look at his website.
网站的表现方式特别重要，因为我们花费大量的时间用在在线阅读上面。糟糕的表现方式会给我们身心两方面的健康带来负面影响。一位知名的网站可用性专家 Jakob Nielsen 。如果你想听到他谈论网站可用性，你可以收听这份podcast会谈记录，或者访问他的网站。
4.3 R is for Relevance
4.3 R 是指相关性
Relevance is an important factor to consider when you are evaluating information. It isn’t so much a property of the information itself but of the relationship it has with your question or your ‘information need’. For example, if you are writing an essay about articifial intelligence, a book or website about the effects of gaming on children would not be relevant. So there are a number of ways in which a piece of information may not be relevant to your query:
当你评价信息的时候，相关性是一个重要的考量因素。与其说相关性是信息本身的特性，不如说它与你要问的问题或者你需要的信息之间的关系。比如，如果你正在写一篇关于人工智能的论文，涉及到游戏对少儿的影响的书籍或者网站，就没有相关性。因此，很多方法找到的信息都可能与你的查询无关：
- geographical (It may relate to countries or areas which you are not interested in.)
- 地理学的（它可能与你不感兴趣的国家或地区有关。）
- level (It may be too detailed/specialised or too general/simple for the level at which you are working.)
- 程度（可能在你工作的层次上太详细/特殊或者过于普通/简单。）
- emphasis (It may not contain the kind of information you are seeking – this is often a question of emphasis, which may not be identifiable from a title, summary or abstract.)
- 侧重点（可能不包含有你要寻找的那一类信息——这常常是一个侧重点的问题，标题、小结或摘要有可能并不标注出你想要的信息。）
Activity
活动
You are helping your 6 year old child with some homework on dinosaurs. Together you do an internet search and you find these:
你帮助你的六岁小孩完成有关恐龙的家庭作业。你们一起上网搜索，并发现了这些：
Which do you think is most likely to be relevant and why?
相关性最大的是哪一项，为什么？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
We think that the LearnEnglish Kids or BBC Science and Nature – Prehistoric Life sites are probably the most relevant for our purposes . They are clearly presented and at about the right level, in tone and detail, for our 6 year old. We might reject the Natural History Museum and Wikipedia sites on the grounds of level, because they may be too detailed and aimed at older children. We might reject the Dinosaurs site on the grounds of emphasis, because it is not appropriate to our needs.
我们认为小孩学英语或者BBC科学与自然——史前生物网站可能与我们的目标最接近。他们通过声音和细节，清晰而恰当地向六岁孩子展示内容。我们可能会因为水平问题而拒绝自然博物馆和维基百科，因为他们过于详细，针对的目标是更年长的孩子。我们因为侧重点的原因而拒绝恐龙网站，因为它并不符合我们的需要。
4.4 O is for Objectivity
4.4 O 是指客观性
One of the characteristics of ‘good’ information is that it should be balanced and present both sides of an argument or issue. This way the reader is left to weigh up the evidence and make a decision. In reality, we recognise that no information is truly objective.
好信息的一个特征就是，它应该平衡并提供各方面的论据或问题。这样可以让读者权衡证据、作出决定。在现实中，我们都知道，没有一样信息是真正做到客观的。
This means that the onus is on you, the reader, to develop a critical awareness of the positions represented in what you read, and to take account of this when you interpret the information. In some cases, authors may be explicitly expressing a particular viewpoint – this is perfectly valid as long as they are explicit about the perspective they represent. Hidden bias, whether or not it is deliberate, can be misleading. This could be particularly important in a subject area where there is controversy.
这意味着，你，读者，对你所阅读资料所表达的状况要持一种批判性的意识，并且在你解释这则信息的时候也要考虑这个。在某些情况下，作者可能明确表达某个观点——这完全可以，只要他们明确表达他们的观点。隐晦的偏见，无论是否故意，都会引人误入歧途。这在有争论的课题领域尤其重要。
Activity
活动
Can you think of any issues or topics where information may be biased in some ways?
你能想出任何其信息在某些方面具有偏见的问题或者专题么？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
We thought of a few:
我们想到一些：
- Vegetarianism
- 素食主义
- Testing drugs on animals
- 动物医药试验
- Human cloning
- 人类克隆
- Capital punishment
- 死刑
- Energy saving
- 节能
- Smoking
- 吸烟
Let us take an example – look at each of these websites and consider whether you think they are likely to give objective information about the use of animals for testing new drugs.
让我们举个例子——看看这些网站，并考虑你是否认为他们有可能就利用动物试验新药物提供客观信息。
StopAnimalTests.com
停止动物测试
BBC Science and Nature – Animal Experiments
BBC 科学与自然——动物实验
RDS online
国防研究协会在线
Home Office – Animal Testing
在家办公——动物测试
With a controversial topic such as this, it is not too difficult to identify the viewpoints represented and therefore be aware of potential bias. In other cases it may be less obvious.
具有争议性的话题，比如这个，并不难于确定其观点并意识到其潜在的偏见。在其他情况下，可能不那么明显。
It is important to remember to look out for vested interests. A website about headaches which is sponsored by a drug company is unlikely to be objective. Here the vested interest is financial. It is worth remembering that there are different types of vested interest:
记住，找出利益所在很重要。有药物公司主办的关于头疼的网站是不大可能公正的。财政是其利益所在。值得注意的是，有不同类型的利益所在：
- financial vested interests (protecting or selling a product or service);
- 经济利益（保护或出售任何产品或者服务）；
- media manipulation (a 'good story' to sell papers or push up ratings);
- 媒体操控（通过一个好故事来销售报纸或者提高收视率）；
- political propaganda (influencing public opinion);
- 政治宣传（影响公众舆论）；
- government propaganda (influencing public behaviour).
- 政府宣传（影响公共行为）；
We do of course need to be conscious that our own judgement can be influenced by our beliefs.
我们必须意识到，我们的判断受到我们信仰的影响。
4.5 M is for Method
4.5 M 是指方法
Method is about the way in which a piece of information is produced. This is quite a complex area as different types of information are produced in different ways. These are a few suggestions to look out for:
方法是指生成信息的途径。以不同的途径产生不同类型的信息，是一个十分复杂的领域。需要注意以下几点：
Opinions – A lot of information is based on the opinion of individuals. They may or not be experts in their field (see P for Provenance) but the key message is to be clear that it is just an opinion and must be valued as such.
观点——大量信息是基于个人观点而产生的。他们在其相关领域可能是专家，也可能不是（见4.6 P 是指出处）。由于关键信息非常清晰，作为一种观点，必须得到重视。
Research – You don’t have to be an expert on research methods to ask some basic questions about research information. You need to develop a critical approach to reports of research, particularly when these are summarised in the popular media.
研究——就有关研究信息询问一些基本问题的时候，你在研究方法上并不是一个专家。你需要为研究报告制定一项批判性的方法，特别是从热门媒体进行归纳的时候。
Activity
活动
For example, here is a news story:
打个比方，这里有一则新闻：
A study by researchers at an American University reveals that 8 out of 10 people dislike music being played while they are shopping.
美国大学研究者的一项研究显示，超过八成的人在购物的时候不喜欢听音乐。
What questions might you want to ask about the methods used to carry out this research?
你对于执行这项研究所采用的方法，有哪些问题？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
We thought we would want to know:
我们认为我们希望知道：
- How many people did they ask?
- 他们调查了多少人？
- Did they ask both men and women and, if so, in what proportion?
- 他们是否同时调查男人和女人？如果是的，比例是多少？
- What ages were the people they asked?
- 受调查者的年龄如何？
- How did they ask people? (did they stop them in the street? Was it a postal questionnaire?)
- 他们是如何询问的？（在大街上拦下他们？发放调查表？）
All these questions (and more) are important because they could affect how much you are likely to trust the results. For example, a group of 20 year old women are likely to give a very different response from a group of middle aged men.
所有这些问题（以及其它问题）都很重要，因为它们能影响到你对结果的信任程度。比如，一群二十岁的女子，与一群中年妇女，给出的回答就非常不同。
Reviews of Research – Many articles and books contain reviews of research. We use reviews as a shortcut to looking for all the primary research ourselves. But reviews vary. Some merely bring together the reviewer's selection of research on a topic, others, sometimes called 'systematic reviews' or 'overviews', try to collect and review all the research on the topic in question. It may be important to your work to ascertain which kind of review you are looking at.
评论研究——许多书籍和文章都包含对研究的评论。我们利用
评论来方便地寻找我们所有主要研究。但评论
也不是千人一面。某些仅仅是评论者选择性地对研究课题进行聚合，另一些，有时候称之为系统化评论，或者综述，
并尝试以问题的形式收集并评论该主题所有研究。确定你需要进行哪种评论，这对你的工作很重要。
4.6 P is for Provenance
4.6 P 是指出处
The provenance of a piece of information (i.e. who produced it? where did it come from?) may provide another useful clue to its reliability. It represents the 'credentials' of a piece of information that support its status and perceived value. It is therefore very important to be able to identify the author, sponsoring body or source of your information.
信息的出处（比如，谁制造的信息？原始出处是哪儿？）可以为其可靠性提供有用线索。它代表着信息的“资格”，体现了信息的地位及其可提供的价值。因此，它非常重要，因为它能够表明你信息的作者、赞助机构或者来源。
Why is this important?
为什么这很重要？
Activity
活动
Can you think of any reasons why you would want to know who produced a particular website?
如果你想知道是谁开发的某一具体网站，你能说出为什么想知道的原因么？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
We thought of a number of reasons why we would want to know the authors or the organisation responsible:
我们认为有许多理由让我们想要去知道为之负责的个人或组织：
Authors – If you know who the author is you can:
作者——如果你知道谁是作者，你就能：
- find out whether they are an acknowledged expert in the subject area;
- 弄清楚他们在课题领域是否是一个工人的专家；
- find out what other papers or books they have published;
- 弄清楚他们出版的其他论文或书籍；
- perhaps trace unpublished material like their PhD thesis;
- 也许还能跟踪未出版的材料，比如他们的博士论文；
- find out if they are known to have a particular perspective on the topic and whether their views are controversial;
- 弄清楚他们是否就某个主题具有独特的观点，以及他们的观点是否具有争议性；
- perhaps contact them in person.
- 也许能够联络到本人。
Organisations – knowing about the sponsoring organisation can tell you a great deal. We have already looked at 'vested interests' and it is important to be able to identify and take account of these. Here are some of the questions you might wish to ask:
组织——知道谁是赞助机构可以告诉你很多信息。我们已经知道“利益所在”，而这，对于找出并考虑这些很重要。你可能会问下面这些问题：
What is the 'business' of the organisation?
该组织的业务是什么？
- is it a commercial company?
- 它是否商业公司？
- a voluntary organisation?
- 志愿组织？
- a statutory body?
- 法定机构？
- a research organisation?
- 研究机构？
How well established is it?
它是如何建立的？
- does it have a 'history'?
- 它有历史么？
- is it ephemeral/short-lived?
- 它是个短暂的/短期的机构？
Can you identify the people involved in the organisation?
你能分清楚该组织内部的人么？
- could you contact them if you wanted to verify the information or find out more?
- 如果你想要验证信息或者寻找更多，你能够联系到他们么？
- do the people have 'other interests' or links which might have a bearing on the way you regard the information?
- 这些人是否有能够影响到你关注信息的其它利益或者联系
Activity
活动
As an example, can you tell who is responsible for this site?
作为一个例子，你能说出谁在为下面这个网站负责么？
http://www.d-b.net/dti/
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
You will probably have deduced that this site is a spoof. Others may not be as easy to identify.
你可能会判定这个网站是个欺骗网站。别人可能不容易确定下来。
4.7 T is for Timeliness
4.7 T 是指时效性
The date when information was produced or published can be an important aspect of quality. This is not quite as simple as saying that 'good' information has to be up to date.
信息产生或出版的日期是信息质量的重要方面。但也不能简单地说最新的信息就是好信息。
Activity
活动
Here is an example of a news item from an online news source:
这里有一则新闻，来自于在线新闻站点：
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3491927.stm
Would you say that the information above is out of date?
你认为上面这则信息过时了么？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
Well, it is and it isn’t. In other words, one person’s out of date cutting is someone else’s historical document. Some documents (the Domesday Book for example) are indeed timeless in that they will always be regarded as relevant. In other cases, it will be very important indeed for information to be up to date.
嗯，也过时也没过时。换句话说，一个人过时的简报，是另一个人的历史档案。某些档案（比如英国土地志）就永远不会过时，它们会永远被人当作有用的。保持最新，在某些情况下，对于某些信息真的非常重要。
Activity
活动
It is, of course, more important for some kind of information to be up to date than others. Have a look at the list of types of information below and think about which need to be up to date:
当然，保持最新的重要性，对于某些信息远比另一些更重要。看看下面这份信息类型列表，考虑哪些需要保持最新：
- A road map
- 一份地图
- A painting
- 一幅油画
- A news item
- 一则新闻
- A press release
- 一份新闻稿
- A review of research
- 一篇研究评论
- A book of poetry
- 一本诗集
- A government circular
- 一则政府通告
- A scientific research article
- 一篇科学研究文章
- A patent
- 一项专利
- Population statistics
- 人口统计数字
- A technical manual
- 一本技术手册
- A news website
- 一个新闻站点
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
We thought these needed to be up to date:
我们认为这些需要及时更新：
- A road map
- 地图
- A news item
- 新闻
- A press release
- 新闻稿
- A review of research
- 研究评论
- A government circular
- 政府通告
- A scientific research article
- 科研文章
- Population statistics
- 人口数据
- A news website
- 新闻站点
4.8 Summary
4.8 小结
In this section we have introduced you to the PROMPT checklist as a useful tool for assessing the quality of any piece of information. If you use it regularly you will find that you develop the ability to scan information quickly and identify strengths and weaknesses. As a closing exercise you might like to pick one of the websites below or any of your own choice and try to evaluate it using the PROMPT criteria. To make it easier for you we have provided a printable checklist (see below).
本章节我们向你介绍了PROMPT清单，一个评估任何信息质量的有力工具。如果你经常使用它，你会发现你开发了自己快速扫描信息并判断好坏的能力。作为最后一次练习，请从以下网站中或者其他网站中选择一个，并尝试用PROMPT准则评估它。为了方便你，我们提供了一份打印版的检查清单（见下）。
Click on 'View document' below to open the printable checklist.
点击下面的“查看文档”，打开打印版检查清单。
View document
查看文档
5 Organising your information
5 组织你的信息
5.1 Why is it important to be organised?
5.1 为什么整理信息很重要？
- 87% of items that are filed into a filing cabinet are never looked at again. STANFORD UNIVERSITY
- 87%的资料归档后再也不会被用到。斯坦福大学。
- The world is producing nearly two exabytes of new and unique information every year – an exabyte is a new term that had to be coined for a billion gigabytes. All the words ever spoken by human beings comes to five exabytes. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (BERKELEY)
- 全世界每年产生2exabytes的新信息——exabyte，一个新词汇，相当于十亿GB。人类说过的所有话加起来接近5EB。加州大学（伯克利分校）
- More new information has been produced in the last 30 years than in the 5,000 years before that. INFORMATION SKILLS FOR AN INFORMATION SOCIETY – Carol Kuhlthau (1987) Eric Clearinghouse for Information, ISBN 0937597147
- 过去三十年产生的新信息比五千年来的总和还要多。信息社会所需信息技能——卡罗尔·库索（1987）埃里克信息交换所，ISBN 0937597147
- A new blog is created every second. TECHNORATI
- 每秒钟创建一份新的日志。TECHNORATI
- 10% of salary costs are wasted as employees search for information to complete tasks. COMPUTERWORLD
- 10%的行政开销浪费在员工未完成任务的搜索信息上面。COMPUTERWORLD
The world today bombards you with facts. There is such a wealth of information coming at you from a variety of sources that to be able to work effectively you need to have some system for organising it all. Think of a typical day – how much time do you waste looking for a piece of information you need?
今日的世界用事实来轰炸你。如此丰富的信息，从各个源头扑向你。为了能有效的工作，你需要一些系统来组织它们。考虑某个典型的工作日——你有多少时间浪费在搜寻自己需要的信息上面？
Activity
活动
Jo, a student, has identified some sources to write an assignment on GM foods. Have a look at the three images below and see if you can spot what problems might occur if Jo wants to use these.
小乔，读书的时候，再做一份关于转基因食品的功课时，确定了一些资源。看看下面三幅图，小乔打算使用它们，看你是否能够发现什么问题。
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
This is what we thought:
我们认为：
Image 1: We think that these must be some notes that Jo has made about one of the sources s/he's looked at – there's even a good quote, flagged up as important – but there's no indication of the title of the book or journal article in which s/he found it.
图片1：我们认为这一定是小乔就某个她找到的信息源所做的一些笔记——甚至还有一条标记为重要的优秀引用——但是，没有迹象表明她看到的书或者杂志文章的名称。
Image 2: We think this looks like a photocopy of a journal article, but it isn't a very good one because the photocopier has cut the name of the journal and the article title off the top.
图片2：我们认为这看上去像是一篇杂志文章的复印件，但它不是一个好的信息源，因为复印机削掉了顶部的杂志名称和文章标题。
Image 3: We think this is part of a reference – it could be a reference to a book or a journal article, there isn't really any clue, and it could be the title of a chapter or journal article, or a quote. Jo can't remember why it was so important.
图片3：我们认为这是文献索引的一部分——它可能是一本书或者一篇杂志文章的参考文献，它没有提供任何实在线索，它也可能是某一章节或杂志文章的标题，或者一段引用。小乔记不起为什么它是如此重要。
To use these items in an assignment, Jo would need the full reference which s/he hasn’t got. Jo would need to spend more time trying to track these sources down again if s/he wanted to use them. By taking a bit more time to be organised at the start, you can actually save yourself time later on.
要在功课中使用这些，小乔需要她还没有拿到的完整文献。小乔可能需要花费更多时间来尝试再次跟踪这些资源，如果她还想用他们的话。实际上，如果在一开始多花点时间来组织资源的话，你就可以为后面的工作节省时间。
5.2 Ways of organising yourself
5.2 一些整理你自己的方法
How do you organise yourself?
你是如何整理你自己的？
Activity
活动
Make a note of how you organise your:
写下来你是如何组织你的：
- emails
- 邮件
- internet bookmarks or favorites
- 网络书签或收藏夹
- computer files
- 计算机文件
- your household paperwork, for example bills, insurance documents, guarantees, receipts
- 你家里各种文件，比如支票、保险单、担保书、收据
- book, CD, record, video or DVD collection
- 收藏的书籍、CD、录音、录像或者DVD。
Compare your notes with the 3 people below:
将你的记录与下面三个人的做比较：
Person 1 – “I tend to be organised because I have my books grouped by author, and if they’re in a series then the series has to be in order. My CDs are alphabetised by surname, or name of band, with compilations alphabetically by title at the end of the sequence. I also have a filing cabinet for all household paperwork, with individual files for gas, electricity, car, and so on. Yes I’m a born librarian.”
第一个人：我喜欢组织整理。我按作者分类我的书籍，如果书籍是一个系列的，那么这个系列会有序排放。我的CD按照乐队的姓名字母顺序排列，在这个顺序里面又按照专辑标题的字母准许排列。我也为家里各种文件准备一个文件柜，存放燃气、电力、汽车等等各种个人文件。是的，我是一个天生的图书管理员。
Person 2 – “I don't really organise my emails, I read then delete unless its a receipt then i'll print it off and put it in a safe place! (Never to be seen again). I do add my favorite webpages to my toolbar, but this is more down to laziness rather than organisation. All my household bills are shoved in a box which i tidy out once every six months. My books are on a bookcase in no particular order as are my DVDs and CDs.
第二个人：我并不真的整理我的邮件，阅读过后我就删除它，除非它是一份收据，那样的话我就打印下来，然后把它放在一个安全的地方！（以后再也不会翻看它）我把我喜欢的网页添加到工具条上，这更多的是因为懒惰而不是整理。我所有家庭票据都堆在一个盒子里，每个六个月整理一次。我的书都放在书柜里，和我的DVD、CD一样，没有做特别的整理。
Yes, i really am this disorganised but somehow it hasn't had a negative effect on me so far!!!!!!!!”
是的，我真的没有收拾，但是，迄今为止，在某种程度上，它并没有给我带来负面影响！！！！
Person 3 – “I tend to be quite ruthless with filing – a hatred of clutter helps.
第三个人：“我相当讨厌整理文件——憎恨凌乱。
Emails: only open 3-4 times per day, when read either: a) delete; b) action if short, c) keep to action later that day or next. I have a fairly simple filing system but tend not to save on the basis that someone will have a copy. I have an automatic ‘rule’ set to delete emails more than 6 months old. I’ve never missed any deleted ones.
邮件：每天只打开三四次，阅读之后：一、删除；二、如果短的话马上处理；三、留待今天晚些时候或者明天处理。我有一个相当简单的文件存档系统，但一般并不用来保存文档让某人得到一份拷贝。我有一套自动规则，用以删除超过六个月的邮件。我从未错过任何我删除的东西。
PC filing: no more than ten folders on broad topics and no more than 4-5 subfolders in each. I find it easier to file and retrieve using broad topics. I try to keep the contents down to a single screenful. Older files are ruthlessly purged. Favourite websites – no more than a dozen which I use regularly – others are easily found anyway.
电脑存档：就某个广泛主题不超过十个文件夹，每个里面的子文件夹不多于四到五个。我觉得在使用广泛主题的时候这样更易于存档和检索。我试着将内容压缩到一屏幕之内。旧的文件被无情的清理掉。喜好站点——我经常使用的不多于一打——无论如何都很容易找到其他的。
Paper filing at home: a (deliberately) small filing cabinet sectioned into utilities; insurance; car; job; credit cards; etc. I only keep one years worth of bills etc. and try to throw out the oldest when a new one arrives but that doesn’t always work out. So between Xmas and New year I go through and shred anything older than the year just finishing.
家庭文件存档：一个（专门的）小的文件柜按照共用、保险、汽车、工作、信用卡等分类使用。各种账单我只保存一年。有时候当有新的进来就丢掉最旧的，但并不总是这样。因此，在圣诞贺新年之间，我筛选并剪碎所有超过一年的文件。
My New Year purge also applies to books (if I haven’t opened it for 2-3 years I’m probably not going to), CDs/DVDs (1-2 year rule) and clothes (1-year rule). Local charity shops do well. This policy has the double benefit of keeping collections to a reasonable size and making me think: do I really need to buy/keep/store it if I’m going to throw it out in a couple of years? But I guess minimalism is not to everyone’s taste!
我的新年大扫除也包括书籍（如果我两三年都没有翻阅的话，就很有可能不再翻阅了）、光盘（一两年规则）和衣物（一两年规则）。捐献出去是一个好办法。这一策略有两重好处：将收藏保持在一个合理的容量之下；并让我考虑如果我一两年都没有动它，我真的需要购买/保持/保存它么？但是我想，简约并不符合所有人的口味！
My motto: if in doubt throw it out.”
我的座右铭：如果不肯定，扔掉它。”
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
Whilst each of these people have different ways of organising information one thing becomes clear: find a system that works for you and use it. How complex or simple your system is will depend on the type of information you deal with, and how you are going to use it, as these two audio clips show:
虽然每个人都有不同的办法整理信息，但有一件事情很明显：找到并使用适合你自己的方法。你的方法简单或复杂，取决于你要处理的信息，以及你如何使用它，就像下面这两段声音：
Click below to listen to the first audio clip.
点击下面，听第一段声音片段。
Listen in separate player Click play to start.
在其他播放器中打开。点击播放。
View transcript
查看文字稿
Click below to listen to the second audio clip.
点击下面，听第二段声音片段。
Listen in separate player Click play to start.
在其他播放器中打开。点击播放。
View transcript
查看文字稿
The silver surfers are using the internet for leisure purposes, and so they don’t really need to keep track of things, because they are sites they regularly use or can search for again.
老鸟们将互联网用于休闲目的，所以他们并不真的需要收藏什么网站，因为他们要么定期访问这些网站，要么能再次搜索到。
The researchers have to keep a research log, and will eventually be writing a dissertation that will reference all the sources they use. So the researchers are more organised and are careful about storing their information.
研究者必须撰写研究日志，并最终撰写论文，引用他们使用的全部资源。因此，研究者更需要对信息的整理，更关心信息的存储。
5.3.1 Desktop search tools
5.3.1 桌面搜索工具
Finding your paperwork or electronic files can be a problem. You may find that even if you do have some sort of filing system, your structure soon gets quite large with files in multiple locations, which can be hard to navigate. You may find yourself making arbitrary decisions about which folder to place a document in. It may make sense now but in the future, when you look where you think it should be, it’s not there.
有时候，寻找你的纸质文件或者电子文件，也是个问题。你会发现，即使你有某种归档系统，也会因为大量文件存放在很多地方，而变得难以定位。你可能会发现自己随意决定哪个文件夹存放哪个文件。现在也许很方便，但是，将来，你去你认为它应该在的地方找它的时候，它不在那儿。
At times like this you may resort to the search command from the Windows Start menu. If, like me, you have a PC with hundreds of thousands of files, you may find that search can take quite a while. This is because, unlike search engines, the basic search tool on Windows PCs does have to search through every file when a search is made.
这时候你可能会使用Windows开始选单中的搜索命令。如果，像我一样，你的计算机里有千万计的文件，你可能会发现搜索会花很长的时间。这是因为，不同于搜索引擎，Windows系统中最基本的搜索工具在进行搜索的时候在进行逐个文件查找。
Wouldn’t it be nice if there was a search engine for your desktop? Well, the good news is that there are several available, some of which are free for personal use. The majority of the free desktop search tools are provided by the big search engines – in the hope that by providing a complete search experience you will use them for all your search needs.
如果有个桌面搜索引擎，那岂不是很好？的确，有好几款可用的，其中一些对于个人使用是免费的。大多数免费桌面搜索工具都是由大的搜索引擎提供——希望它们能够在你需要搜索的时候，为你提供完整的搜索体验。
For an overview of desktop search tools read the following article by Pandia
想了解桌面搜索工具的概况，请阅读以下文章。
Activity
活动
Download one of the following desktop search tools. You need to check your PC specifications first to make sure that you can run it on your machine.
下载一下桌面搜索工具中的一种。首先你需要检查你的计算机配置，确定你可以在你的机器上运行它。
When you have installed a tool do a search on your PC using the tool. Now do the same search using the Windows search command from the Start menu. Did you get the same results?
当你在你的计算机上安装了一款工具，执行一次搜索。现在利用开始选单的搜索命令执行相同的搜索。你是否得到相同的结果？
The first time you use a desktop search tool, it will need to build an index of the contents of your hard drive. This can take several hours, so you will have to be patient. Once the tool has built an index, any new documents you put on your computer will tend to be archived as they arrive, so the index will keep itself up to date without you noticing.
你第一次使用桌面搜索工具，它将需要为你硬盘里的内容创建索引。这可能要花费数小时，你需要有点耐心。一旦创建好索引，你放入计算机的任何新文件都会马上被存档，索引不需要你提醒就能令自己保持最新。
So why, you may ask, do I need to bother with organising my files when I can search for them? Using tools such as these means that you may not need to be quite so organised about how you organise your information. However, when you perform a search, there is an assumption that the term you are searching for appears in the document somewhere. But there may be occasions when you can’t decide what term to search for, or you may not know if it is in the document if you haven’t actually read the item. Additionally each search you perform does take some time, and you may have limited time available, so it makes sense to have some system of organising your files to complement such desktop search tools to maximise your chance of finding the information you need.
因此，你可能会问个究竟，当我可以搜索的时候我还需要为整理我的文件而操心么？使用这些工具意味着在你组织信息的时候不需要整理得那么清晰。不过，当你执行一次搜索的时候，工具假设你搜索的单词应当存在于文档某处。但是有一种可能，当你不能确定要用哪个单词进行搜索，或者你根本没有阅读过这个文档，可能不知道关键词是否存在于文档之中。此外，你执行的每一次搜索都要花上一些时间，而你有可能没有时间，因此，使用某种手段整理你的文件，来补充桌面搜索工具，为你找到需要的信息增加机会，就变得很有意义了。
5.3.2 The 5 Ds
5.3.2 五D法
If you don’t use a system at all, then you could suffer from the effects of information overload:
如果你根本没有使用什么存档手段，那么你可能会遭受信息超载的影响：
- losing important information
- 丢失重要信息
- wasting time on trying to find things
- 在寻找东西上面浪费时间
- ending up with piles of physical and virtual stuff everywhere
- 以现实和虚拟的混乱而告终
One technique you might like to apply to your files (be they paper or electronic) is the 5Ds. Try applying these and see if you can reduce your information overload.
你可能会用到你的文件（纸质的或者电子的）上的一种技术就是五D法。试着运用他们，然后看看你是否能降低信息超载。
The 5 Ds – Adapted from John Caunt (1999) 30 minutes to manage information overload, London: Kogan Page
五D法：改编自康强（1999）《半个小时管理超载信息》，伦敦，高根书业
- Discard
- 丢弃
- Deal with it (Make a DIN! – Do It Now!)
- 处理（现在就做！）
- Determine future action (SIFT it – Schedule It now For Tomorrow)
- 规划（现在做好明天的计划）
- Direct/distribute it (a. why are you directing it? / b. What do you expect recipient to do with it?)
- 指挥/分发（甲，为什么是你指挥？/乙，你期望通过它得到什么？）
- Deposit it (file it)
- 存放（归档）
5.4 Social bookmarks
5.4 社会性书签
If you find you have a long unmanageable list of favourites/bookmarks you might like to try social bookmarks as an alternative.
如果你发现你的收藏夹列表/书签长到无法管理，你可能要考虑尝试一下社会性书签来替代它。
Activity – what you need to know about social bookmarks
活动——你需要知道什么是社会性书签
Read 7 things you should know about social bookmarking by Educause (2005 May). Available from Educause Learning Initiative
阅读材料七：《关于社会性书签，你应该知道的七件事情》，Educase（2005年五月）。来自于Educause学习初步 。
Answer the following questions:
回答以下问题：
- What are the differences between social bookmarks and ordinary browser bookmarks (favorites)?
- 在社会化书签和普通的浏览器书签（收藏夹）之间有什么区别？
- What are the benefits of using social bookmarks?
- 使用社会化书签有什么好处？
- Are there any drawbacks of using social bookmarks?
- 社会化书签有什么不足？
- How is tagging different from formal metadata?
- 标签与正规的元数据之间有何不同？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
This is what we thought:
我们认为：
- Social bookmarks are stored publicly on a website, whereas bookmarks are stored on your PC. Social bookmarks have tags, that help you identify what the site is about, whereas favorites just have a title and are stored in a folder structure. Social bookmarks are shared whereas favorites tend to be personal.
- 社会化书签是公开存储在网站上；普通书签存储在你的计算机中。社会化书签有标签，可以帮助你标明这个网站是关于什么的；而收藏夹仅仅有一个标题，存储在一个基于文件夹的结构当中。社会化书签可以分享；收藏夹往往是很个人的。
- You can access your social bookmarks from anywhere. You can see other people's social bookmarks on the same topic, so you might find new information or see things you hadn’t thought about before. You can find people who are interested in the same things as you.
- 你可以从任何地方访问你的社会化书签。你可以看到相同主题下其他人的社会化书签，这样你可以发现新的信息，或者看到之前不曾考虑到的东西。你可以找到与你对同一事物感兴趣的人。
- There may be some dodgy tagging, so people don’t use the tags in the same way as you, or may use the tag in a derogatory manner. You may find you get items that bear no resemblance to what you’re looking for because of the different way people use tags.
- 有些标签可能会骗人，因为人们不会和你使用一模一样的标签，或者使用贬义的标签。因为人们使用标签的方法不尽相同，你甚至会找到与你想找的完全无关的东西。
- Tagging is done by amateurs, there is no formally controlled vocabulary or taxonomy, and it can be of poor quality. Tags change to reflect current trends. The formal metadata done by professionals has a structure and vocabulary that doesn’t always reflect terminology you would use.
- 标签都是业余爱好者添加的，没有收到正式的词汇或者分类法的控制，其质量有可能很低下。标签的变化可以反映当前的趋势。正规的元数据由专业人士完成，具有良好的结构和词汇但并不总是体现你想使用的术语。
To explore social bookmarks for yourself, try one of the tools listed here:
浏览下列社会化书签，并尝试使用其中一个：
- Del.icio.us
- Furl
- Spurl
- Feed me links
- Hyperlinkomatic
- Simpy
- Frassle
- Blinklist
Social bookmarking tools are good for:
社会化书签适合于：
- exploring current trends and technologies
- 浏览当前趋势和技术
- small, close-knit communities with agreed tagging conventions
- 遵守标签约定的小而紧密的社区
- helping to remember terms that are meaningful to you
- 对你有意义的词汇有助于记忆
- access from anywhere – unlike favorites which are PC-specific
- 从任何地方访问——不像收藏夹依赖于特定计算机
- preserving a snapshot of a site – for example Furl can keep a record for you so if the site should change or be removed you can still see a copy of the original.
- 保存一份网站快照——比如Furl能为你保持一份记录，如果网站发生改变或者被移除的话，你依然可以查看原件的副本。
5.5 Copyright – what you need to know
5.5 版权——你需要知道些什么
An original piece of work, whether it is text, music, pictures, sound recordings, web pages, etc., is protected by copyright law and may often have an accompanying symbol (©) and/or legal statement. In the UK it is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 which regulates this.
原创作品，不管是文字、音乐、图片、录音、网页还是其他，都受到版权法的保护，通常跟得有一个©符号和一份法律申明。在英国，受《1988版权、设计与专利法》的规定。
In most circumstances, works protected by copyright can be used in whole or in part only with the permission of the owner. In some cases this permission results in a fee.
在大多数情况下，受版权法保护的资料，在得到所有者的许可后，使用其全部或部分。在某些情况下，这种许可需要付费。
However, the UK legislation includes a number of exceptions known as ‘fair dealing’. Fair dealing allows the free use of part of a published work for non-commercial research or private study, for criticism or review purposes, or for reporting current events. The source must always be quoted, so make sure you get all the details when you take a photocopy, or print from a web page so you can acknowledge where you got it from.
但是，英国法律也包括一系列称之为“公平交易”的例外。公平交易允许在以下情况中自由使用出版物的一部分：非商业研究或私有研究、评论或评审、报告当前事件。来源必须总是被引用，因此在你复印资料或者打印网页的时候确保你得到全部细节，这样你就能知道你是从哪儿得到它的。
If you would like to read a bit more about Copyright and what is permitted, have a look at the Copyright site on the information Skills for researchers page
如果你想进一步了解版权和有哪些是允许的，可以去版权网站阅读研究者的信息技能网页。
To find out about copyright in other countries you might like to check out the International Federation of Reproductive Rights Organizations website. This is an international membership organisation, and if you follow the link to their membership page then you will see a list of international copyright organisations.
要找到其他国家的版权资料，你可以去查阅复制权利组织国际联盟网站。这是一个国际组织，如果你访问他们的成员网页，你会看到一份国际版权组织的清单。
5.6 Referencing
5.6 引用
We mentioned above that we need to reference sources to ensure we abide by copyright legislation. But there is another reason we need to give accurate references to items we use – so we can share it.
前面我们已经指出，我们需要引用来源，以确保我们遵守版权法律。还有一个原因，我们需要给出所用资料的精确出处——我们可以分享它。
Consider this scenario. A friend says they’ve just read an interesting article where Joshua Schachter, founder of del.icio.us has spoken about why it isn’t a faceted search system, and you should read it. How would you go about finding it? Would you start looking in a news database, a search engine or a journals database? When I tried this by putting Joshua Schachter’s name into various search tools, using 'delicious' as a search term, and 'faceted' as a term I found I got lots of articles, but I didn’t know whether any of them was the right one, as none of them seemed quite right. So what is the minimum level of information needed to find the right article?
考虑这样一个场景。一个朋友说，他刚读了一篇很有趣的文章，文中美味书签的创始人Joshua Schachter谈论到为什么美味书签不是一个分面搜索系统，你应该读读。你如何去找到这篇文章？你打算搜索新闻数据库，搜索引擎还是期刊数据库？当我试着将Joshua Schachter的名字输入多个搜索工具，同时使用delicious作为搜索关键字，以及faceted作为关键字，我发现我得到很多文章，但是我不知道其中哪一篇才是我想要的，看上去都不像。因此，找到正确文章所需要的最小级别的信息是什么？
Activity – what information is needed to find the correct source?
活动——找到正确资源需要什么信息？
For the following types of resource, identify necessary and sufficient information to be able to discover an item with a degree of certainty that it is the correct one.
为下列类型的资源，标明能够找到一样正确结果所必要的和充分的信息。
Complete the table by choosing from the list below to identify what you feel is the minimum level of information for each type of resource. E.g. for Book you might feel that ISBN and author is sufficient so your first row would be:
通过从列表中选择来完成此表格，标明你认为每一类资源的最小级别信息是什么。比如，对于书籍，你可能认为ISBN和作者是足够充分的，因此你的第一行可能是：
| Book (paper) | ISBN, Author |
书籍（印刷）
| ISBN，作者
|
Director, author, title, article title, broadcaster, type of podcast, ISBN, publisher, pages, date, volume, title of video, where it was published, author/organisation, date you visited the site, issue number, URL
导演，作者，标题，文章标题，播音员，podcast（语音日志）类型，书号，出版社，页数，日期，卷号，视频名称，被发表处，开发者/组织，你访问该网站的日期，发行号次，网址
| Resource | Identifying information |
| Book (paper) |
|
| Book (electronic) |
|
| Journal article (paper) |
|
| Journal article (electronic) |
|
| Website |
|
| Video |
|
| Podcast |
|
.
| 资源 | 标识信息 |
| 书籍（印刷） |
|
| 书籍（电子） |
|
| 期刊文章（印刷） |
|
| 期刊文章（电子） |
|
| 网站 |
|
| 视频 |
|
| Podcast（语音日志） |
|
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
This is what we thought:
我们认为：
| Resource | Identifying information |
| Book (paper) | author, title, date, publisher, where it was published, ISBN |
| Book (electronic) | author, title, date, publisher, URL, ISBN |
| Journal article (paper) | author, article title, journal title, date, volume, issue number, pages |
| Journal article (electronic) | author, article title, journal title, date, volume, issue number, pages, URL |
| Website | author or organisation, title, URL, date you visited the site |
| Video | director, title of video, date |
| Podcast | title, date, broadcaster, URL, type of podcast |
.
| 资源 | 标识信息 |
| 书籍（印刷） | 作者，标题，日期，出版社，被发表处，ISBN |
| 书籍（电子） | 作者，标题，日期，出版社，网址，ISBN |
| 期刊文章（印刷） | 作者，文章标题，期刊标题，日期，卷号，发行号次，页码 |
| 期刊文章（电子） | 作者，文章标题，期刊标题，日期，卷号，发行号次，页码，URL |
| 网站 | 开发者或组织，标题，URL，你访问该网站的日期 |
| 视频 | 导演，视频名称，日期 |
| Podcast（语音日志） | 标题，日期，播音员，URL，日志类型 |
You also need accurate information to be able to find resources you have used in the past. Sometimes an ISBN number or URL just isn’t enough. What happens if the book goes out of print, or the web page is withdrawn or someone gives an incorrect reference? By giving more information, you increase the chance of being able to locate the item again.
你也需要准确的信息，来寻找你以前用过的资源。有时候仅有ISBN号码或者网址还不够。如果这本书绝版了，网页被撤下了，或者某人给的是一个不正确的引用，怎么办？通过给出更多信息，你能增加再次定位这条资源的机会。
You may also find that the level of detail you need to give varies according to the purpose. For example if you want to buy a book from Amazon, usually an author and/or title is sufficient. For a reading list, you would usually include the year too, as often academic text books have different editions, so the year is important to make sure you’ve got the right version.
你可能也发现，你所需要的详细程度会依照使用目的而变化。比如，如果你想从亚马逊买一本书，通常作者加上标题就足够了。对于一份阅读清单，通常还要包括年份，因为学术书籍经常有不同的版本，因此年份对于你拿到正确的版本很重要。
To help people to share this information, reference styles have been developed. These are standards that specify what information is required to produce a reference, and how it should be laid out in a consistent manner. If you read an academic article or book, you will often find a list of references at the end. Depending on what courses you study, you may have to write an essay, in which case you will be expected to acknowledge the sources used in a bibliography or reference list.
萎了帮助人们分享信息，已经制定出引用的风格。作为标准，指定了在使用引用的时候什么信息是必需的，以及如何以一种统一的风格进行布局。如果你阅读一份学术文章或书籍，你常常会发现在其末尾有一份引用列表。根据于你所学的课程，你可能要写一篇论文，在这种情况下，会要求你以参考目录或者引用列表的形式致谢所用资源。
You will see reference styles also called citation styles. For this unit, consider 'reference' to mean the same thing as 'citation'.
你会看到引用风格也称为引文风格。对于本单元，认为“引用”与“引文”的含义相同。
The minimum elements for all references are:
对于任何引用，至少需要有：
- author or equivalent
- 作者或等价物
- title
- 标题
- date
- 日期
- publisher
- 出版社
- place – either physical location or URL
- 位置——物理位置或者网址
The thing that changes from style to style is how they look when you write the reference for your bibliography, and how you present them in the text.
风格的变化，是他们如何看待，当你为你参考目录撰写引用的时候，以及你在正文中如何向他们呈现。
Activity – exploring reference styles
活动——观察引用风格
Try the citation builder at Calvin. Type in the following reference into the citation builder using 'Electronic' under 'Source type' and 'Journal' under 'Resource'.
试试卡尔文的引文生成器。在引文生成器中的资源类型下面选择“电子资源”，在来源分类中选择“期刊”，然后输入以下引用资料。
Nicole Ellison, Rebecca Heino, & Jennifer Gibbs (2006) 'Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11 (2) [online]. Available from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/ellison.html (last accessed 20 November 2006)
Have a look at the reference in each of the different styles (MLA, APA, Chicago) and see if you can spot the differences.
看看每种引文形式（MLA、APA、芝加哥），试试能否找出区别。
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
Here are the three references produced by this tool.
这是通过工具生成的三条引用。
MLA: Ellison, Nicole, Rebecca Heino, and Jennifer Gibbs. "Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11.2 (2006). 20 Nov. 2006 http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/ellison.html.
APA: Ellison, N, Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2). Retrieved November 20, 2006, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/ellison.html
Chicago: Ellison, Nicole, Rebeccan Heino, and Jennifer Gibbs.. "Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the onine dating environment." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11, no. 2 (2006). http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/ellison.html (20 November 2006).
As you can see, the differences tend to be in how each reference is formatted. In MLA and Chicago styles the author names are given in full, whereas APA has used initials for first names. MLA underlines the journal title, but the other two styles italicise it. They each format the volume and issue number differently. There are other differences that make each style unique, but the core information remains the same. Leeds University Library provides a list of useful citation and referencing links where you can see examples of a range of different styles.
大家可以看到，区别集中在如何格式化引文上。MLA和芝加哥风格给出完整的作者姓名，而APA风格缩写姓氏。MLA在期刊标题下加下划线，其他两种将其设置为斜体。每种风格对卷号和版次号的格式化都不相同。还有其他区别，使得每一种风格都是唯一的，但核心信息保持不变。如果你想看各种引文风格的范例，利兹大学图书馆提供了一份有用的引文和参考链接清单。
5.7 Bibliographic software
5.7 目录软件
If you are considering taking your studies further you might like to consider using bibliographic software. Bibliographic software can be used to sort references, annotate them, manage quotations or create reading lists.
如果你打算深化你的研究，你可以考虑使用目录软件。目录软件可以用来整理、注释参考资料，管理引用或者创建阅读清单。
There are several software packages on the market. Some are listed below.
市场上有一些软件包。下面列出一些。
- BibTex
- EndNote
- Procite
- Reference Manager
- RefWorks
If you are not sure whether to invest in one of these packages, you might like to try out Zotero, a free web-based tool that allows you to manage your references from within your web browser. At the time of writing, Zotero was available in Beta version, and is only available for users of the Mozilla Firefox browser.
如果你不能确定是否购买一款软件包，你可以试试Zotero，一款免费的、基于网页的工具，允许你从你的网页浏览器中管理你的引用资料。在撰写本文的时候，Zotero还处于测试阶段【在翻译本文的时候，已经是1.0.0.0RC3版了】。这款软件仅用于Mozilla Firefox 浏览器用户。
5.8 Plagiarism
5.8 剽窃
Referencing is not only useful as a way of sharing information, but also as a means of ensuring that due credit is given to other people’s work. In the electronic information age, it is easy to copy and paste from journal articles and web pages into your own work. But if you do use someone else’s work, you should acknowledge the source by giving a correct reference.
列出参考文献不仅仅有助于分享信息，而且还意味着确保给予其他人的工作以应有的荣誉。在这个网络信息时代，非常容易将资料从期刊文章和网页中复制粘贴到你的工作当中。但是如果你使用了别人的劳动成果，你应该给出正确的引用，承认其出处。
Taking someone's work and not indicating where you took it from is termed plagiarism and is regarded as an infringement of copyright. To attempt to pass off such work as your own is cheating.
使用别人的成果而又不做说明，这叫剽窃，将被视为侵权。不做引用也是在欺骗你自己。
Activity – how does it feel to be plagiarised?
活动——如何知道被抄袭？
Read the following article – Bloomfield, S. and Gumbel, A. (2006) ‘The teenage plagiarist’, Independent, 7 May, p. 24. Available from:
阅读以下文章：布鲁姆、甘贝尔（2006）《少年文抄公》，《独立》杂志，五月7日，第24页，可以从下处找到：
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060507/ai_n16353946
The article is about a recent plagiarism case, which illustrates the consequences of being caught plagiarising. While you’re reading, think about the following questions and make a note of your answer.
这篇文章谈及最近的剽窃案例，它展示了被抓住剽窃的后果。阅读的时候，请思考以下问题，并写下你的回答。
- How does it feel to be a victim of plagiarism?
- 如何发现自己是剽窃的受害者？
- Why is it important to be aware of, and avoid, plagiarism in your work?
- 为什么在你的工作中意识到并避免剽窃很重要？
Now read the answer
现在阅读答案
This is what we thought:
我们认为：
If you had worked really hard on something, wouldn't you feel angry if someone else stole your work. Wouldn't you want everyone to know that was your work, not theirs, and they should be punished for the crime.
如果你真的为某件事投入大量心血，而有人偷了你的劳动成果，你不会感到愤怒。你不想让所有人都知道那是你的成果，而不是他们的，他们应该受到惩罚。
If you plagiarise, you are also limiting the development of your own learning. You're not giving yourself chance to think and develop, because you're just copying someone else's thoughts.
如果你剽窃，你也限制了自己的学习进步。你不给自己思考和进步的机会，因为你仅仅复制别人的思想。
There can also be legal repercussions. Ms Viswanathan's plagiarism has resulted in public humiliation, and the loss of her literary career. Who is going to want to publish her now after she's been caught plagiarising?
这也会造成法律后果。魏晚星同学因为剽窃导致蒙羞，并丢掉了他的文学专业。在他被抓住剽窃之后现在谁还敢发表他的文章？
As a student, submitting a plagiarised essay may not result in the loss of money, but it could result in you failing your course or being downgraded. By ensuring that you manage your information, and keep accurate records of sources you use, you can ensure that you are not guilty of plagiarism.
作为一名学生，提交一份剽窃的论文，可能不会有金钱上的损失，但会导致你丢掉学业或降级。确保你管理好你的资料，保持来源的准确记录，你就可以确保你没有剽窃。
6 Keeping up to date
6 保持最新
6.1 Introduction
6.1 简介
The process of keeping up-to-date in your chosen subject area is useful for your studies and afterwards, for your own personal satisfaction, or perhaps in your career as part of your continuing professional development.
在你所选课题领域保持更新，对于你的研究和接下来的工作、以及后继专业发展都有帮助，你自己也会很满意。
There are a great many tools available that make it quite easy to keep yourself up to date. You can set them up so that the information comes to you, rather than you having to go out on the web looking for it. Over the next few pages, you will be experimenting with some of the available tools.
有很多优秀工具，都可让你轻松保持最新。你通过设置这些软件，让信息自动更新，不需要你手动去网站查看。在下面几页，你将体验到其中一些工具。
Keep a note of any tools you use and how they work, so that if you find out later they are not as useful as you had hoped, it will be easy for you to unsubscribe, and avoid being overwhelmed with information you perhaps weren't expecting.
记录你所使用的工具，记录它如何工作，以便随后你发现它并没有你希望的那样有用的时候，可以很容易的退订，同时避免被你不想要的信息所淹没。
6.2 Alerts
6.2 提醒
Online bookshops and some of the major search engines offer ‘Alerts’ services. These work by allowing you to set up a profile once you have registered on their site, and when there are items meeting your criteria you receive an email. The good thing about alerts is that you don’t have to do anything once you have set up your profile. The downside, particularly with alerts services from the search engines, is that given the extent to which internet traffic is on the increase whether new web pages or new blog postings, you may end up with rather a lot of information to deal with.
网上书店和一些主要的搜索引擎都提供提醒服务。一旦你在网站上注册该服务，网站会要求你设置一些要求，当有符合你要求的信息出现时，会给你发一封邮件。提醒服务的优点是，一旦你设置要求，你就不需要做任何事情。缺点，特别是来自搜索引擎的提醒服务的缺点，就是需要考虑来自新网页和新的日志帖子的网络流量不断增加的严重程度，你可能会陷于海量信息之中。
Google and Yahoo! offer alerting services for new web-based content e.g. blog postings, news.
Google和Yahoo为基于网页的内容提供提醒服务，比如日志、新闻。
For more academic information, MyIntute is a personalisation service from the Intute gateway. Gateways like Intute index quality controlled internet resources. By registering you will receive email alerts for new items matching your criteria when they are added to the Intute gateway. This also applies to any searches that you save.
对于更多学术信息，MyIntute是因图泰主题列表的一个个性化服务。主题列表与因图泰一样索引高质量互联网信息。注册以后，当有符合你标准的新资料添加到因图泰主题列表中的时候，你会得到邮件提醒。这也是用于你保存的任何搜索。
Keep up to date with new books in your subject area by registering with an online bookshop, such as Blackwells
通过注册网上书店，比如Blackwells来保持对课题领域新书的跟踪。
Activity – setting up alerts
活动——设置提醒
Choose one of the alerting services outlined above and set up an alert. You may have to register for an account first, if you haven’t already got one.
选择上述一项提醒服务，设置一项提醒。如果你没有相应账户的话，你可能需要先注册一个账户。
6.3 Mailing lists and newsgroups
6.3 邮件列表与新闻组
Mailing or discussion lists are email-based discussion groups. When you send an email to a mailing list address, it is sent automatically to all the other members of the list.
邮件或讨论列表是基于邮件的讨论组。当你发送一封邮件到邮件列表地址的时候，它被自动发给所有其他列表成员。
The majority of academic-related mailing lists in the UK are maintained by Jiscmail. You will find details of joining these mailing lists on the Jiscmail website. Mailing lists are useful for getting in touch with like-minded colleagues. They are also handy for keeping up to date with current thinking and research. A common problem with mailing lists is the sheer volume of material available You may feel pressured to read every single contribution. You can 'manage' this information by choosing carefully which to join. Most Jiscmail mailing lists feature an archive, so you can check the quality of the discussion and the number of messages before you decide to join. Some mailing lists also offer a 'digest' function, whereby you will receive a single message containing all the day's messages to the list, rather than all of the messages individually.
英国大多数学术相关邮件列表由Jiscmail维护。你在Jiscmail网站可以找到加入邮件列表的详细资料。邮件列表对于接触志同道合者非常有用。这对跟踪最新思维和研究也很方便。邮件列表一个常见问题是可用资料的巨大数量。要读每一条信息，你可能会感到压力。你可以通过慎重选择加入来管理信息。大多数Jiscmail邮件列表都有存档，这样你可以在决定加入之前，检查讨论话题的质量和消息的数量。一些邮件列表也提供“总结”功能，借此你会收到一份包含当天列表所有消息的邮件，而不是所有单个消息。
Mailing lists are not just about keeping up to date academically, of course. Google maintains a listing of ‘newsgroups’ at http://groups.google.com/ where you can find discussions about every topic under the sun. Groups are created around a topic, profession or common interest, and can be very useful as a source of information, and to bring like-minded people together. Newsgroups are similar to discussion lists in that you can send and receive messages, but instead of them arriving in your email box, you can access the newsgroup's files to read the postings – it is rather like looking at a notice board.
当然，邮件列表不仅仅用来跟踪学术更新。Google在 http://groups.google.com 维护一个“新闻组”的列表，在这里你能找到天底下所有的话题。小组围绕主题、专业或者共同的兴趣而创设，也可以成为一个非常有用的信息来源，可以将有着共同想法的人聚集在一起。新闻组与讨论列表类似，在这里你可以收发消息，但与邮件都在你的邮箱不同，你可以访问新闻组的文件、阅读贴子——这更像在看BBS。
Activity
活动
Spend a few minutes browsing through either the Jiscmail or Google listings to see if there are any email lists or newsgroups that you might like to join.
花一些时间浏览Jiscmail或者Google列表，看看是否有任何你可以加入的邮件列表或者新闻组。
6.4 Blogs
6.4 日志
Technorati reports that over 100 000 new ‘blogs’ are created each day. Because these online diaries offer instant publishing opportunities, you potentially have access to a wealth of knowledge from commentators and experts (if they blog) in a wide range of fields. Most internet searches will turn up results from blogs, but there are some blog-specific search engines such as: Blogdigger and Google’s blog search.
Technorati 称每天增加超过十万份新日志。因为这些在线日记提供了实时的出版机会，你有可能在一个很大的范围内，从专家和评论家（的日志上）接触到很多知识。多数互联网搜索结果来自日志，但也有些专门的日志搜索引擎，比如Blogdigger和Google日志搜索。
Some blogs also offer RSS feeds, so you can add them to your feedreader to keep up to date with what your favourite ‘bloggers’ are writing.
许多日志提供RSS源，这样你可以将它们添加到你的日志阅读软件中，这样你就可以与你喜欢的博客保持同步。
One thing to bear in mind is that the content of blogs is likely to be as diverse and varied as the people who are writing it. It’s therefore practical to apply some evaluation skills if you intend to rely on the information you find on blogs in any way – in particular look for timeliness (how often is the blog updated?); provenance and objectivity (what is the blog for? who put it there and why?)
你要记住有一件事得忍耐，日志的内容就跟写日志的人一样，千奇百怪什么都有。因此，如果你打算相信你在日志上找到的信息，尤其是寻找时效性（这个日志多久更新一次？）、出处和客观性（这份日志的写作目的是什么？谁写作，为什么写？）的话，你需要使用一些评价技能。
6.5 RSS
RSS (‘Really Simple Syndication’ or ‘Rich Site Summary’) newsfeeds supply headlines, links, and article summaries from various websites. By using RSS ‘feedreader’ software you can gather together a range of feeds and read them in one place: they come to you, rather than you having to go out and look for breaking news. The range of RSS feeds on offer is growing daily. There is probably a feed to cover all aspects of your life where you might need the latest information, and you may find that most of the websites you visit already offer RSS – look for the orange button!
RSS（真正简单聚合，或者丰富网站摘要）新闻源支持从多个网站进行新闻提要、链接以及文章摘要。通过使用RSS新闻源阅读软件，你可以集合很多新闻源，在一个界面下阅读它们：他们找上门，而不是你走出去寻找零零碎碎的新闻。新闻源所提供的新闻每天都在增多。有可能一个新闻源就覆盖你生活的所有方面，而你可能只需要最新的信息，你可能发现你所访问的多数网站都以提供RSS——找橙色小按钮！
To set up RSS feeds, firstly you need to choose what sort of feedreader to use. There are online feedreaders, which you can access from any computer, anywhere, or desktop feedreaders, which are pieces of software which you can download and use on your own computer. Bloglines is a popular online feed reader, whilst Awasu is a desktop feedreader.
要添加RSS源，首先你需要选择使用什么新闻元阅读软件。有在线阅读器，你可以利用他们从任何计算机、任何地点访问新闻源；也有桌面阅读器，这是一类软件，你可以下载并用在你自己的计算机上。Bloglines就是一款流行的在线阅读器，Whislt Awasu是一款桌面阅读软件。
There are a number of ways of getting feeds into your feedreader, depending on which one you use. Right-clicking on the orange button might give you the option to add the link directly to your feedreader, or there may be commands built in to your feedreader to enable you to add it.
有很多办法将新闻源添加到你的新闻源阅读软件当中，具体操作取决于你自己所使用的办法。右击橙色按钮可能提供直接添加链接到阅读器的选项，或者，在你的阅读器中有允许你添加新闻源的相应命令。
If you click on the orange icon on the BBC website, for example, you get instructions as to how to add the feed to your feedreader. You will also find that your feedreader will enable you to easily add feeds from their pre-selected content. For example, in Bloglines, once you have logged in, selecting Directory will give you a list of popular content. Choosing ‘subscribe’ will add them to the ‘My Feeds’ list.
比如，如果你点击BBC网站的橙色按钮，你会得到一份提示，提示你如何将新闻源添加到你的阅读器当中。你也会发现你的阅读器允许你轻松的从他们预先准备的内容当中添加新闻源。比如，在Bloglines，你登录进去，选择一个目录，就会给你一份流行内容清单。选择“订阅”，就能将其添加到你的新闻源列表当中。
Activity
活动
Try this for yourself:
尝试一下活动：
- Choose a feedreader
- 选择一款新闻元阅读软件
- Add some of their pre-selected content
- 添加一些他们事先准备好的内容
- Set up a feed to, for example, the BBC or your daily newspaper. Depending on the feedreader you have chosen, you may have to check exactly how it works to get the feeds in.
- 添加一个报纸的新闻源，比如BBC或者别的你喜欢的。根据你所选择的阅读器的不同，你可能要弄清楚阅读器是如何工作和获取新闻源的。
6.6 Professional bodies and societies
6.6 专业人士和社会关系
Consider joining a learned society or professional organisation. They can be very useful for conference bulletins as well as in-house publications, often included in the subscription. Don't forget to ask about student rates. Try looking for the websites of learned societies associated with your subject area (e.g. The Royal Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). You may have to pay a subscription or be a member of the society to access all of the information on the web but they are very good places to find out about conferences or talks and current research findings in your subject area.
考虑加入一个学术团体或者专业组织。他们的会议通报和附带订阅的内部刊物非常有用。不要忘记问有无学生特价。试着找到与你课题领域相关的学术团体的网站（比如，英国皇家学会，电气及电子工程师学会）。你可能需要付费订阅或者成为会员才能访问网站全部信息，但它们都是寻找与你课题领域有关的最新研究的会议或谈话的非常好的地方。
You might find it worth taking out a personal subscription to useful journals or newsletters in your subject area. These could be professional, academic or trade-related. Look at journals circulated at work, or available in a workplace library or information unit. Alternatively, use a local library to scan current copies of journals, particularly useful if you do not want to take out your own subscriptions.
你可能发现，在你课题领域的一份有用的期刊或通讯，是值得你个人去订阅的。它们可能很专业、学术或者与商业有关。考虑期刊在工作中传播，或者在单位图书室或信息中心使用。另外，如果你不想自己订阅的话，利用本地图书馆来扫描期刊副本，特别有用。
貌似未完待续……
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=2370
2004 saw the birth of a large number of search tools designed to search your own computer. 
Copernic has released a free desktop search tool that searches Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files, Acrobat PDFs, Outlook emails, and all popular music, picture and video formats. Copernic also searches your browser history, favorites, and contacts. 
Google Desktop Search is unique in the way that it presents your desktop search results in your web browser, in the same way as regular web search results. 
潘迪亚
With the launch of Mac OS X Tiger Macintosh users have got a really useful desktop search tool as an integrated part of the OS. Welcome
