翻译《家庭学校》
Homeschool
家庭学校
Everything You Need to Know about Homeschooling!
关于家庭教学你需要知道的各种事情！
The homeschool movement is growing in popularity worldwide. This knol contains homeschooling facts, including homeschooling statistics, advantages, disadvantages, laws, methods, curriculum, support, and more.
家庭教学运动日益普及全球。本条谷歌科诺包含有家庭教学的各种事实，包括家庭教学统计数据、优点、缺点、法律、方法、课程设置、相关支持，以及其他。
Contents
目录
- What is Homeschooling?
- 什么是家庭教学？
- The History of Homeschooling
- 家庭教学的历史
- Pros and Cons of Homeschooling
- 家庭教学的优缺点
- Homeschooling Statistics
- 家庭教学的统计数据
- Homeschooling Laws
- 家庭教学的法律
- Homeschool Curriculum
- 家庭学校的课程设置
- Cost of Homeschooling
- 家庭教学的费用
- Homeschooling Support
- 家庭教学的相关支持
- Resources for Further Study
- 深入研究的相关资源
- Sources
- 来源
What is Homeschooling? Homeschooling is simply educating one’s children at home instead of sending them to public or private institutions. Homeschooled children are often taught by their parents, although they can also receive lessons from tutors and teachers outside of the home. Some states even allow children to be taught by friends and extended family members.
家庭教学是指在家教育某人的孩子，而不是把孩子送到公立私立教育机构。接受家庭教学的孩子往往是由其家长施教，当然他们也能接受来自家庭教师和家庭之外的教师的教导。一些州甚至允许孩子接受朋友和家庭之外成员的教导。
"One third of the men who signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States had no more than a few months of schooling up their sleeves."Among these individuals were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.
“签署《独立宣言》、《联邦条例》、《美国宪法》的人，有三分之一不比他们的奴隶多进几个月的学校。”
The History of Homeschooling
家庭教学的历史
The history of homeschooling as we now know it began with the advent of compulsory attendance laws in the United States. In 1852, the state of Massachusetts enacted our country’s first law requiring children to attend school outside of their homes, giving rise to the public school system we have today.
家庭教学的历史，据我们现在所知，起始于美国义务教育法规的出台。一八五二年，马萨诸塞州颁布了我国第一部要求儿童参加家庭之外教育的法律，从而产生了我们今天的公立教育体系。
During the late 1960’s, many parents became disenchanted with the government-mandated schooling. They believed home was a more natural environment for learning, and resented the amount of time school took children away from home and family life. The modern homeschool movement grew from these seeds of discontent.
在一九六〇年代，许多家长对公办教育不再抱有幻想。他们相信家庭是更为自然的学习环境，对学校使得孩子长时间远离家庭以及家庭生活表示愤怒。现代的家庭教学运动正是从这些不满的种子中成长起来的。
Pros and Cons of Homeschooling
家庭教学的优缺点
Benefits of Homeschooling
家庭教学的优点
Unlike traditional public schools, homeschooling creates a one-on-one, tutorial environment that allows parents to choose what and how to teach their children. Students can move at their own pace using a curriculum that caters to their learning styles. This is one of the main benefits of homeschooling gifted and special needs students. Home education promotes balance between academic and life skills development. Students spend the majority of their time in a cooperative, multi-age, real world environment where they are free from the physical and verbal assault that often take place in public schools. Because homeschool schedules are so efficient, students have more free time to pursue their own interests and hobbies. Homeschooling also provides parents with more time to spend bonding with and passing their values on to their children. Homeschoolers are creative, self-motivated and independent. Studies show they tend to have a deeper commitment to community service and activism.[1]不同于传统公立学校，家庭教学创造了一对一的辅导环境，这使得家长可以选择教授什么以及如何教授自己孩子。学生可以按照自己的步伐前进，使用适合自己学习风格的课程。这是有天赋和有特殊需要的学生进行家庭教学的主要优点之一。家庭教育促进了学术技能和生活技能的平衡发展。学生把大部分时间用在协作的、年龄多元化的真实环境中，在这里，他们可以摆脱常常发生在公立学校里的身体和语言攻击。因为家庭学校的时间安排非常有效，学生有更多闲暇去追求自己的兴趣和爱好。家庭教学也为家长提供更多时间与孩子相处，向孩子传递价值观。家庭教学者具有创造性、自我激励、独立性。研究表明他们往往有更大的心力投入到社会服务与行动当中。
Disadvantages of Homeschooling
家庭教学的弊端
Home educators take on full responsibility for their children's education. As such, they cannot blame others for their child's success or failure. Parents who feel incapable of teaching all subjects to their children purchase teacher's guides and video programs for assistance. In addition, children who know how to read, and have access to books and computers can learn anything they need to know. Parents' lack of free time and independence is among other disadvantages of homeschooling. Homeschoolers must seek out sports programs, art courses, music lessons and other activities that are readily available in public school. They must also carefully monitor their children's progress to make sure illness, unexpected crises or other life situations don't steer them off track. These homeschool disadvantages can be managed with good organization and scheduling techniques.Homeschooling and Socialization
家庭教学与社会化
Homeschool critics cite homeschooling and socialization as their main concern. However, contrary to popular belief, most homeschoolers receive more than enough social interaction. In addition to accompanying their parents on daily errands like doctor's appointments and trips to the bank, homeschoolers are socialized through participation in homeschool support groups, dance, music, karate, sports, and other activities. Instead of sitting in a classroom for six to eight hours per day, homeschoolers are in a real world environment that allows them to interact with others in the community. Unlike their public school peers, home school students have daily interaction with those of different age ranges and socioeconomic levels. In public schools, children spend most of their time with others who are from their same age group and social background. Homeschooled students also receive a high volume of positive social interaction. They tend to adopt positive character traits that are modeled by the adults around them. Because they are not exposed to bullying and negative peer pressure at young ages, home-educated children are able to maintain a positive self-concept and develop a strong sense of independence that will carry them through any difficulties they may encounter in later years.Homeschooling Statistics
家庭教学的统计数据
According to research conducted by Dr. Brian Ray of the National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI)[2], homeschooling is growing at a rate of 5-12% annually. During the 2007-2008 school year, over 2 million U.S. children in grades K-12 were educated at home. Homeschoolers are a diverse group of families from a variety of religions, educational backgrounds, socioeconomic levels, and political affiliations. Approximately 15% of home-educated children are non-white/non-Hispanic. As a whole, homeschool students outscore their public school counterparts by 15-30 percentiles on standardized tests. Because they also tend to score above average on college entrance exams like the SAT and ACT, homeschoolers are often recruited by colleges and universities. Stellar academic performance among home educated students remains consistent across categories of race, gender and family income. Some parents are concerned their children won't enjoy homeschooling. However, according to a report published by the Homeschool Legal Defense Association (HSLDA)[1], 90% of adults who were homeschooled say they are glad their parents homeschooled them, and another 80% want to educate their children at home.Homeschooling Laws
家庭教学相关法律
Homeschooling is legal in every state in the U.S. However, homeschooling laws vary from states to state. State officials consider the following requirements when creating homeschool laws:
在美国各州家庭教学都是合法的。然而，家庭教学相关法律各州有所不同。州政府官员在建立家庭教学相关法律时考虑下列要求：
- Compulsory Attendance Age – the age at which a child must begin receiving formal education and the age at which he or she is no longer required to receive formal education.
- 强制入学年龄——孩子必须开始接受正规教育的年龄，以及不再需要接受正规教育的年龄。
- Notice – documentation that must be given to the state regarding a family's decision to teach their children at home.
- 告知——必须把决定在家教授孩子的决定以文件形式送达州政府。
- Attendance – the specific number of days or hours a student must receive instruction. This instruction does not always have to take place via formal curriculum.
- 出勤——学生必须接受教学的具体天数和小时数。该教学并不必总是以正规课程的形式出现。
- Subjects – the specific subject areas in which a student must receive instruction. This instruction does not always have to take place via formal curriculum.
- 科目——学生必须接受教学的具体学科领域。该教学并不必总是以正规课程的形式出现。
- Record Keeping – quarterly, semi-annual or annual records that must be kept or submitted to government officials.
- 保存记录——必须保持有季度、半年度、年度记录，或提交给政府工作人员。
- Testing – written examinations that document a student’s progress and level of achievement as compared to his or her peers.
- 考试——书面考试，用以记录学生的进度和成就水平，与同龄人有可比性。
- Qualifications –standards that must be met by a teaching parent, homeschool program or outside tutor.
- 资格——家长、家庭学校计划、外聘教师必须符合标准。
States vary in their treatment of the homeschooling requirements described above. Some states have detailed criteria that must be followed. Other states do not monitor homeschoolers at all.
各州在处理家庭教学的以上要求时各不相同。有些州要求必须遵守详细标准，有些州根本不监控家庭教学者。
除非州立法规定，否则家长不需要大学文凭、教师证或者其他任何可以正确教育子女的凭证。研究显示，未能从高中毕业的家长，也能成功在家教育子女。家庭教学法律辩护协会为家庭教学者游说议员，为有需要的家庭教学者提供法律援助。据家庭教学法律辩护协会称，在家庭教学的表现与政府监管监督水平之间，没有相关性。
Homeschool Curriculum
家庭教学课程
There are hundreds of homeschool curriculum programs available to home educators. Parents who teach at home can find the best curriculum for their children by carefully evaluating their family's needs and goals, determining their children's learning style, and choosing a preferred homeschooling method. Homeschoolers do not have to use teaching methods employed by traditional schools. Choosing a homeschool philosophy will help point parents in the direction of resources and curricula that are a good fit for their children. Some of the most popular homeschool methods are:有数以百计的家庭教学课程项目提供给家庭教学者。通过仔细评估家庭需求和目标、确定其子女的学习风格、选择一种喜欢的家庭教学方式，在家教学的家长可以为孩子找到最好的课程。家庭教学者并不必使用传统学校使用的教学方式。选择一种家庭教学理念，在家长寻找非常适合其子女的资源和课程时，将有助于为家长指点方向。有一些非常流行的家庭教学模式：
Classical Homeschooling – Classical homeschooling involves teaching children in stages that correspond to their level of cognitive development. These three stages are labeled grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and are collectively referred to as the Trivium.Read this homeschool curriculum knol for detailed information about locating and choosing the best homeschooling curriculum for your children.
古典的家庭教学：古典家庭教学涉及根据孩子认知发展的水平分阶段教育孩子。这三个阶段被称为语法、逻辑、修辞，统称为文法三艺。
Computer Based Homeschooling – Computer based or online homeschooling is a form of independent study that utilizes computer software or enrollment in an online homeschool academy.
基于计算机的家庭教学：基于计算机的或在线家庭教学是一种独立的学习形式，利用计算机软件，或者登录在线家庭教学学院。Charlotte Mason – Charlotte Mason style education incorporates nature study, good literature, copy work, narration, dictation and short lessons into the home school environment.
夏洛特·梅森：夏洛特·梅森式的教育，其家庭学校环境中包含自然研究、优秀文学、临摹、叙述、听写、简短课程。
Eclectic Homeschooling – Eclectic homeschoolers pick and choose from a variety of homeschooling methods according to their children’s needs.
折衷主义家庭教学：折衷主义家庭教学者从各种家庭教学方法中挑选自己孩子需要的。
Montessori Homeschooling – Montessori homeschoolers create a multi-sensory environment which allows children to learn in a self-directed manner by using self-correcting materials.
蒙台梭利家庭教学：蒙台梭利家庭教学者创建多感官环境，这允许孩子使用自我纠正的材料，以自我导向的方式进行学习。
Relaxed Homeschooling – Relaxed homeschools focus on family, character and developing life skills. Formal curriculum is used as needed.
轻松家庭教学：轻松家庭教学关注家庭、性格和发展生活技能。根据需要才使用正规课程。
Unschooling – Unschooling is a child-led form of education which promotes learning through the course of everyday life activities.
非学校教育：非学校教育是以孩子为导向的教育形式，通过日常生活活动来促进学习。
Thomas Jefferson Education – Homeschoolers who used this method focus on raising their children to be well-educated leaders.
托马斯·杰斐逊教育：这些家庭教学者使用的方法，旨在将其孩子培养成受过良好教育的领导人。
Traditional Homeschooling – This homeschool method employs traditional textbooks and workbooks as the primary means of teaching.
传统家庭教学：这种家庭教学方式采用传统课本和作业本作为他们主要的教学工具。
Unit Studies – Unit studies combine the teaching of several disciplines into the study of one subject.
单元研究：单元研究把多个学科的学习融合进对一个课题的研究当中。
Virtual Homeschooling – Virtual homeschoolers use state-funded public school programs that are taught by public school teachers outside of the home.
虚拟家庭教学：虚拟家庭教学者使用各州资助的公立学校程序，由家庭之外的公立学校教师施教。
Waldorf Homeschooling – The method emphasizes delayed academics. It is based upon the works of Rudolf Steiner, the controversial founder of Waldorf education.
华德福家庭教学：该方法强调延迟学习法。这是建立在华德福教育有争议的创始人鲁道夫·史代纳的工作之上的。
Cost of Homeschooling家庭教学的费用
The cost of homeschooling varies according to a family's needs and budget. Typical expenses include the cost of homeschooling curriculum, books, supplies, support group dues, field trips, activities and legal organization fees. These costs often amount to less than a family would pay for one month of private school tuition. Here are some ways homeschoolers can significantly reduce their expenses:- Combine students into a single program in subjects like history, science and religious studies.
- 把多名学生集中到同学科的单一项目中来，如历史、科学、宗教研究。
- Borrow materials from the local library.
- 从本地图书馆借素材。
- Purchase new materials from discount merchants like Rainbow Resource and Christian Book Distributors.
- 从彩虹资源、基督教图书发行商等折扣商店购买新材料。
- Use free homeschooling resources that can be found online.
- 使用网上可以找到的免费家庭教学资源。
- Make games, flashcards, worksheets and tests instead of buying them.
- 制作游戏、抽认卡、工作表和试卷，而不是去购买。
- Buy high quality materials that can be re-sold or handed down to younger students.
- 购买高质量材料，以便重新卖出或传给更年幼的学生。
- Purchase used resources at used bookstores and online vendors like Homeschool Classified, Homeschooler's Curriculum Swap and This Little Piggy Stays Home.
- 从二手书店和在线卖家购买二手资源，如家庭教学分类网站、家庭教学者课程交换中心、家有小猪。
- Take advantage of homeschool discounts at book stores, office supply stores, and computer dealers.
- 利用书店、办公用品商店、计算机经销商的家庭教学折扣。
特别精打细算的家庭，有可能做到免费家庭教学。据家庭教学法律辩护协会出版的研究表明，华仔家庭教育的金钱总数，对最终教学结果只有很少的影响。
Homeschooling Support
家庭教学的相关支持
Families can obtain homeschool support by joining support groups that host meetings, field trips, classes, and other activities. Some families even choose to join homeschool coops, which are groups of families who meet regularly to help teach each others children.
家庭可以通过加入支持小组来获取家庭教学支持，如举办的会议、实地考察、班级和其他活动。有些家庭甚至选择加入家庭教学合作社，这是一个家庭团体，定期集会帮助教授其他家庭的孩子。
Before joining a homeschool coop or support group, it is essential to carefully evaluate the group. Is membership limited to a specific religious group or homeschooling method? Is the group formal or informal? How often does the group meet? What does the group require of its members?
再加入家庭教学合作社或支持小组之前，有必要仔细评估这些团体。是否将成员限制在特定的宗教团体或家庭教学方法？团体是正式的还是非正式的？团体多久聚会一次？团体对其成员有什么要求？
Many parents attend annual homeschool conferences where they can meet other homeschool families and attend workshops by popular authors and advocates. These events often feature home school curriculum fairs where parents can view and ask questions about curriculum before making a purchase.
许多家长出席家庭教学年度会议，在这里他们可以与其他家庭教学家庭聚会，可以出席由知名作者和倡议者发起的专题讨论会。这些活动常常以家庭学校课程集会为特色，在这里家长们可以参观课程并提问，然后再决定购买。
The most important part of preparing for home school conventions and vendor fairs is finding out the rules of the event. Are children allowed? Can attendees bring stroller? Are meals provided? If not, are outside food and drinks permitted in the building? For added convenience, families often come prepared with a schedule of workshops to attend, a list of books and materials to evaluate, and a limit as to how much money will be spent.
筹备家庭教学会议和供应商集会，最重要的部分是找出活动的规则。是否允许带小孩？出席者是否允许带婴儿车？是否提供饮食？如果没有提供，是否允许自带饮食？为了方便，各家庭来之前往往要事先准备一份要出席的研讨会的日程表，一份要评估的书籍、材料清单，以及开支预算。
The internet is also a great source of homeschooling support. Parents have access to instant information on the many homeschooling websites that are available online. They can also receive much needed encouragement and advice by participating in homeschool forums and message boards, and reading homeschool blogs.
互联网也是家庭教学支持的一大来源。家长可以在许多家庭教学网站上获取在线提供的实时信息。他们还可以通过加入家庭学校论坛和公告板，阅读家庭教学网志，获取急需的鼓励和建议。
By developing a strong network of friends, parents can successfully homeschool their children from preschool all the way through high school!
通过发展强大的朋友网络，家长们可以成功在家教学其子女，从学前阶段一直到高中！
Resources for Further Study
深入研究的相关资源
Better Late than Early by Raymond and Dorothy MooreSources
来源
Successful Homeschooling – This website contains detailed explanations of homeschooling methods, homeschooling curriculum reviews, tips for affordable homeschooling, and information about everything else you need to successfully homeschool your children.National Home Education Research Institute – The NHERI is a non-profit organization founded by Brian D. Ray, Ph. D. that conducts homeschooling research.
全国家庭教育研究协会是一个非营利组织，由雷奔博士资助，他主持了家庭教学研究。
Home School Legal Defense Association – HSLDA provides legal defense for their organization’s members and advocates for homeschooling families worldwide.
家庭教学法律辩护协会为其组织成员提供法律辩护，并向全世界家庭倡导家庭教学。
References
参考文献
- http://www.hslda.org/research/ray2003/default.asp
- http://www.nheri.org/Research-Facts-on-Homeschooling.html
- http://www.hslda.org/docs/study/comp2001/default.asp
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