翻译《ELI7022 - 关于开放期刊你要知道的七件事》
7 things you should know about...
Open Journals
关于开放期刊你要知道的七件事
Scenario
场景说明
Dr. Carelli structures her graduate molecular biology course around student research projects and the papers based on that research. To that end, she implements an open journaling application that the class uses to create a journal representing the work done during the course. In the first half of the term, the students design and conduct individual experiments and compile their results into draft academic papers. The rest of the term is devoted to reviewing papers and creating the journal.
卡瑞利博士围绕学生研究项目及相应论文，组织本科分子生物学课程。为此，他实现了一款开放期刊应用，班级用来创建期刊，展示课程中完成的作品。在前半个学期，学生筹划、整理各自的经验，并将结果汇集成学术论文草案。下半个学期专门审查论文、创建期刊。
Each student creates a profile in the open journaling application, which integrates all the functions of creating a peer-reviewed journal. For the purposes of the course, every student registers as an author and a reviewer, while Dr. Carelli serves as the overall editor of the journal. Students submit their drafts through the online application. Dr. Carelli divides the 20 students into four groups, or committees, and each group reviews the papers submitted by one other group. In this way, every paper has five peer reviewers, and every student reviews five papers. Students regularly log in to the journal Web site to see where their papers are in the review process and to check their queues for papers to review. Each student must submit at least two revisions to his paper, based on reviewer comments, and each committee - with Dr. Carelli as de facto chair - must ultimately approve each paper for "publication." Students are graded on the quality of their papers and also on their reviews. At the end of the semester, Dr. Carelli compiles the students' papers into the Journal of Molecular Biology 4201, which is available for anyone on the Web to read.
每个学生都在开放期刊应用中建立个人资料。这款应用有创建同业审查期刊的全部功能。处于课程需要，每位学生都注册为作者和审查者，同时卡瑞利博士担任期刊总编辑。学生通过在线应用程序提交草稿。卡瑞利博士把二十名学生分成四组，或者说编辑委员会，每个小组审查另一小组提交的论文。这样，每份论文有五位同业审查者，每位学生要审查五份论文。学生定期登录期刊网站，看看他们的论文到了审查过程的什么阶段，并检查需要他们审查的论文队列。每位学生的论文都必须根据同业审查意见，至少校订两次，每个编辑委员会——卡瑞利博士是事实上的编委主席——最终都必须准许“出版”每一份论文。学生按照论文质量及其论文评语打分。在期末，卡瑞利博士把学生的所有论文汇编进《分子生物学4201课程期刊》，任何人都可以在网上阅读此期刊。
With the open journaling application, students experience the process of peer review and publication from the perspectives of an author and of a reviewer, allowing them to model practices that will follow many of them through their professional lives. Having to critique other students' research papers sharpens their sense of what is good, and what needs improvement, in their own work.
利用开放期刊应用，学生体验到同业审查的过程，以及从作者及审查者的角度出版的过程，他们当中大多数人最终形成习惯，并伴随其职业生活。批评其他学生的研究论文，使得他们在工作中对什么是优秀的、什么需要改进，更加敏锐。
What is it?
这是什么？
Open journaling replaces traditional peer-reviewed publishing with an open access model, in which the workflow for the submission, review, and publishing of content is transparent. With open journaling, authors can track the progress of their submissions, access reviewer comments, and revise and resubmit articles. Reviewers, editors, proofreaders, and others involved in the process also have access to the status of submitted material and the issues of the publication. Open journaling tools manage this process through an online application that lets users publish academic journals and other scholarly material more easily and at considerably lower cost than with traditional methods. The application also handles archiving, and some tools oversee subscriptions and support publishing in several languages.
开放期刊用开放存取模式取代了传统的同业审查出版，其中提交、审查和出版内容的流程是透明的。利用开放期刊，作者可以跟踪他们提交文章的处理进度，读取审查者的评语，然后修订并重新提交文章。审查者、编辑、校对员以及其他相关人员也可以获取提交文章和出版内容的状态。开放期刊工具通过在线应用程序管理进度，相对于传统出版模式，该在线应用程序可以让用户，更轻松更便宜的出版学术期刊和其他学术材料。该在线应用程序还处理存档，一些工具还检查订阅情况，支持以多种语言出版。
Most open journaling tools are open source, allowing each publisher to customize the application to suit its unique needs, and in most cases the journals produced can themselves be open access or subscription-controlled. Because the tools and processes are all online, the threshold for a community of users to develop, vet, and publish content on a specific topic is considerably lower than with traditional publishing methods. For established journals, the open journaling process can streamline the production process and provide an online outlet for the journal material.
更多开放期刊工具是开源的，允许每一位出版者定制应用程序以满足特殊需求，大多数情况下，出版的期刊可以自己开放存取或者控制订阅。由于工具和处理过程都是在线的，社区用户制作审核出版具体主题内容的门槛大大低于传统出版方式。对于已有期刊，开放期刊方法可以加快处理过程，为期刊文章提供在线出路。
Who's doing it?
谁在用它？
The most used application of this type is currently Open Journal Systems (OJS), developed by the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), an initiative at the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University. Other open journaling tools include Digital Publishing System (DPubS), a project from the Cornell University Library and Penn State University Libraries and Press; HyperJournal; and OpenACS (Open Architecture Community System). More than 800 journals around the world use the OJS application, drawing thousands of college and university faculty, researchers, and graduate students as authors each year. The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal is an open journal dedicated to publishing peer-reviewed (and faculty-reviewed) articles written by undergraduates. Other open journals attract nonacademic professionals from virtually any field as authors and reviewers. Because open journaling applications operate over the Web, the organizers of some conferences use them to solicit reviews of session proposals from experts around the world.
现在最常用的这类应用程序是开放期刊系统（OJS），由加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学和西门菲沙大学发起的公共知识项目（PKP）开发。其他开放期刊工具包括数码出版系统（DPubS），一项由康奈尔大学图书馆和宾夕法尼亚州立大学的图书馆和出版社执行的项目；超期刊（HyperJournal）；OpenACS（开放式社区系统）。世界上超过八百种期刊使用OJS应用，每年有数千高校的教师、研究者、研究生在其中发表文章。《哥伦比亚大学生科学杂志》是一份开放期刊，致力于出版由本科生写就的同业审查（以及教师审查）文章。其他开放期刊邀请各个领域的非学术专家担任作者和审查者。由于开放期刊应用通过网页运作，某些会议的组织者用它来征求世界各地专家对会议提案的审查。
How does it work?
它是如何工作的？
Open journaling applications manage the production of one or more journals, dividing responsibilities for the various steps among users with different roles, such as editor, reviewer, layout artist, proofreader, and author. For each journal, an administrator establishes the workflow, which determines the sequence of steps and dependencies, and assigns roles to the steps in the workflow. Users register with the system and log in to perform functions associated with their roles. A department editor, for example, might evaluate submissions and assign them to individual reviewers or groups of reviewers. An author can use the system to upload submissions, check the status of those submissions, and see and respond to reviewer comments. Based on the publishing calendar, an editor or editorial board will assemble issues of the journal with completed articles.
开放期刊应用管理着一到多份期刊的制作，为编辑、审查者、排版设计、校对员、作者等不同角色在不同阶段划分责任。对于每一份期刊，管理员监理工作流程，决定步骤顺序和依赖关系，为工作流程中每一步骤安排任务。用户注册，登录，执行与他们任务相关的功能。比如，某一专栏编辑，评价提交文章，将文章分配给单独审查者或审查小组。作者可以利用系统上传提交的文章，检查提交文章的状态，浏览并回应审查者的评论。根据出版日程表，编辑或编辑委员会，会把已完成的文章汇编成期刊。
Issues are posted online and archived to the journal's Web site. Readers access particular issues of the journal, with individual articles typically available in multiple formats. Like other online content, articles can include hyperlinks, either to internal material such as references or to resources on the Web. Readers can also conduct searches of content, within a single article or across multiple publications. Some open journaling tools automatically cross-reference articles and journals, allowing a user to quickly see, for example, all of the other articles that cite the one being read.
内容发表在网上，存档在期刊网站中。读者以多种形式获取期刊的特定内容，一般都是单独的文章。如同其他在线内容，文章也可包含超链接，指向参考文献等网络材料，或者指向网上的资源。读者也可以在单篇文章内或者多份出版物内搜索内容。一些开放期刊工具可以自动交叉索引文章和期刊，比如，允许用户快速浏览当前阅读文章引用的所有其他文章。
Why is it significant?
为什么重要？
Peer-reviewed journals are the source of high-quality, academic research and information, and open journaling significantly lowers the obstacles to launching and publishing such journals. With these tools, any subject area with enough writers, reviewers, and editors can be the focus of an online journal, encouraging the generation of new content. Online journals do not incur the significant costs of printing, storing, and shipping paper copies, and the transparency of the process fosters a sense of trust in both readers and authors of the journal. Online access greatly expands the reach of the material, and not printing a journal also puts content in front of readers more quickly.
同业审查是高质量学术研究和信息的来源，开放期刊在很大程度上降低了创办发行这类期刊的门槛。有了这些工具，任何有着充足作者审查者和编辑的课题领域，都可成为开放期刊的关注点，鼓励出产新内容。在线期刊不需要昂贵的印刷、存储和运输费用，透明的处理过程培养了期刊编辑与作者的相互信任。在线获取更扩展了材料的覆盖面，不需要打印也使得内容可以更快到达读者面前。
Because the threshold for creating a journal is so low, the journal format could be used to provide access to content collections that otherwise would not strictly be considered a journal. An online, open journal might, for example, serve as an electronic portfolio representing a student's work in a particular course, or a student's work in numerous courses over an academic career. Similarly, an event could use open journaling tools to coordinate the event content. In the same way that published articles are peer reviewed, the material pertaining to an academic conference or symposium is also submitted, typically to a committee that reviews the material and chooses what will be presented.
由于创建期刊的门槛如此之低，使得期刊这种形式可以用来提供一些内容集合，这在其他情况下不会被当作期刊。比如，在线开放期刊，可用做电子档案袋，呈现学生在某一特定课程中的工作，或者呈现学生在学习生涯中若干课程的工作。同样，某一活动可以利用开放期刊工具调整活动内容。同样，出版的文章都经过同业审查，学术会议或研讨会有关的材料一般也提交到组委会，共审查并选择出版。
What are the downsides?
有什么缺点？
Open journaling tools allow virtually anyone to set up a journal that looks credible, insofar as it reflects the appearance and the functionality of other journals that use the same tool. Given concern over the inability of many Web researchers to discern good information from bad, open journals that look academic can be an effective vehicle for disseminating unreliable or blatantly false information. Open journals must take steps to demonstrate their authority and credibility.
开放期刊工具实际上允许任何人创建看上去可信的期刊，由于使用了相同的工具，它和其他期刊有着相同的外观和功能。由于担心许多网络研究者无法分辨信息的好坏，看上去很学术的开放期刊有可能会成为散播不可靠甚至虚假信息的有效媒介。开放期刊必须采取行动，表明其权威和信誉。
Where is it going?
用在什么地方？
The movement toward greater use of open journaling tools is expected to continue, and associated technologies will be developed to handle the availability and usage of the content that is created. Most open journaling applications allow authors or editors to add metadata to reviewed articles and papers. Harvesters scour online journal content for these metadata, creating indices that allow users to more easily find the content they need. Increasingly sophisticated harvesters represent one answer to the question of what to do with all the new content. At the same time, tools that track usage data or poll users - the kinds of tools used by many social software applications - might find their way into open journal material, offering another way to disseminate content or provide critiques of it.
越来越多使用开放期刊工具这种现状，有可能继续下去，会开发出相关工具处理已有内容的可用性和使用情况。大多数开放期刊应用，允许作者或编辑为已审查文章和论文添加元数据。收集工具根据元数据收集在线期刊内容，建立索引，帮助用户更轻松的找到他们需要的内容。同时，工具跟踪使用情况数据，调查用户——这类工具多由社交软件应使用——以找出他们找到开放期刊材料的途径，提供散播内容或批评的其他途径。
Though a paper journal and a conference are very different, they both strive to present refereed content to an audience. Because the basic model of content generation, review, and presentation is the same for journals as for conferences, there may be a convergence of technologies that manage this process.
虽然纸质期刊和研讨会有很大不同，但他们都努力向观众呈现专业内容。由于期刊和研讨会产生、审查、出版内容的基本模式一样，有可能会出现一种融合的技术，管理这一过程。
What are the implications for teaching and learning?
他对教育学习的影响？
Teaching students appropriate disciplinary practices, including peer review, communication, publishing, and referencing sources, can be a tricky proposition. Providing an infrastructure with disciplinary values built in can be a good way to model proper academic processes and get students habituated to the kind of work many will likely encounter in their professional lives. Open journals also promote good practices, including reliable access to information and tagging through the addition of metadata.
教给学生合适的学术做法，包括同业审查、交流、出版、引用出处，都很棘手。利用内在学术价值观，提供一套基础设施，可以是培养正当学术行为习惯的好办法，让学生习惯于在其职业生涯中遇到很多这类工作。开放期刊也促进良好做法，包括获取可靠的信息和通过添加元数据来做标签。
Open Journals
开放期刊
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February 2007
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