翻译《开放大学课程T180_9：网络化生活：在线学习》
OpenLearn Course T180_9 Living with the internet: learning online
开放大学课程T180_9：网络化生活：在线学习
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=1715
Time: 4 hours
Level: Introductory
时间：四小时
水平：介绍
Introduction
简介
-
Introduction - 简介
- This unit provides an introduction to learning online. The unit discusses the basics of online study, including file management and ensuring you are using a PC in a safe and healthy way. You will then...
- 本单元提供有关在线学习的介绍。本单元讨论在线学习的基础，包括文件管理和确保你安全而健康的使用计算机。然后你将……
1 How to do it
1、如何在线学习
2 What's going on – learning online
2、发生了什么——在线学习
- 2.1 Your learning style
- 2.1 你的学习风格
- Imagine you are going to learn a new task. It could be laying a laminate floor, following a new recipe or learning to use a new TV remote control. How do you approach the task?
- 想象你将要学习一门新任务。你可以躺在地板上学习，可以依照食谱来学，或者学习使用电视新遥控器。你打算怎么学习这门任务？
- 2.2 Computing with confidence
- 2.2 满怀信心地操作计算机
- When it comes to learning about computers and gadgets, have you noticed the apparent ease with which children learn to use these tools? This may be because they are more likely to use the activist learning...
- 当开始学习计算机和挂件时，你有没有注意到小孩子学习这些东西明显很轻松？这可能是因为他们更适合使用实践型学习……
3 What it means
3、意味着什么
- 3.1 What it means
- 3.1 意味着什么
- Most people's experience of learning is in a classroom (of a school, college or evening class). The teacher is there to give guidance and direction on what to do. Activities include reading books, taking...
- 大多数人对学习的体验都发生在教室（中学的，大学的或者夜校的）。在那里，教师对于要做什么给出指导和说明。活动包括阅读书本……
- 3.2 The development of online learning
- 3.2 开发在线学习
- Online learning is a relatively new phenomenon but over the last few years many colleges, universities and workplaces have started to use online learning as part of their courses. The UK government-appointed...
- 在线学习是一种比较新的现象，但在过去几年里许多学院、大学和工厂开始将在线学习作为他们课程的一部分来使用。英国相关部门……
Introduction
介绍
This unit provides an introduction to learning online. The unit discusses the basics of online study, including file management and ensuring you are using a PC in a safe and healthy way. You will then be invited to assess your style of learning and consider how you can ensure you are ‘computing with confidence’.
本单元提供有关在线学习的介绍。本单元讨论在线学习的基础，包括文件管理和确保你安全而健康的使用计算机。然后你将被邀请评估你的学习风格和考虑如何确保你“满怀信心地使用计算机”。
Learning Outcomes
学习结果
By the end of the unit you should be able to:
在本单元结束时你应该能做到：
- tackle computer-based tasks more confidently;
- 更有信心处理基于计算机的任务；
- have an awareness of your preferred learning styles.
- 对你习惯的学习风格有一个认识。
1 How to do it
1、如何在线学习
1.1 How to do it
1.1 如何在线学习
In this unit we aim to give you some first-hand experience of learning online. You will carry out some activities during which we hope you will learn some useful skills.
在这个单元我们旨在给你一些在线学习的第一手体验。在我们希望你学到某些有用的技能时，你将要实践这些活动。
1.2 Quiz: Getting started
1.2 小测验：开始在线学习
You should allow 0 hour(s), 30 minute(s).
你有三十分钟时间。
This quiz will help you to become familiar with some of the terminology that you will come across in this unit. It is just for fun. Your answers are not assessed, so don't worry about getting things wrong.
这项测验将帮助你熟悉一些你将要在本单元中使用到的术语。这只是玩一玩。你的回答不会被评分，因此不要担心做错。
- A browser is:
浏览器是：
- software such as internet explorer or Netscape that you use for viewing web pages
- 像Internet Explorer 或者 Netscape那样能用来浏览网页的软件
- a page that you look at on the web
- 在网上看到的一个网页
- When viewing a web page you are always connected to the internet:
当你看到一个网页的时候你已经连上互联网了。
- True
- 是
- False
- 否
- An ISP supplies you with only the web pages that are relevant to your interests. You choose different ISPs for different parts of the Internet:
接入服务商仅仅为你提供你感兴趣的网页。你要访问互联网的不同地方就要选择不同的接入服务商。
- True
- 是
- False
- 否
- If a web page can't be viewed then it is probably because your ISP is out of service:
如果不能打开某个网页，那可能是因为你的接入服务商失职了。
- True
- 是
- False
- 否
Now read the answer
现在来看看正确答案
- A browser is: software such as Internet Explorer or Netscape that you use for viewing web pages. A browser is the software that runs on your computer and enables you to view pages on the web. The most common browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.
- 浏览器是：像 Internet Explorer 或 Firefox 那些你能用来浏览网页的软件。浏览器是运行在你的计算机上的软件，可以让你浏览网页。最流行的浏览器是 Mozilla 的 Firefox 和微软的 Internet Explorer 。
- When viewing a web page you are always connected to the Internet: False. Web pages are usually stored on computers on the Intranet. You are probably viewing this page through the internet, however, you could save this page on your computer and view it later when you have disconnected from the internet. So web pages can also be viewed offline.
- 当你看到一个网页的时候你已经连上互联网了：网页通常也存储在内部网的计算机上。你可能通过互联网浏览网页，然而你也可以将网页保存在你的计算机上并在不联网的时候浏览它。因此网页也能离线浏览。
- An ISP supplies you with only the web pages that are relevent to your interests. You choose different ISPs for different parts of the Internet: False. ISPs provide you with access to all parts of the internet. Some will also provide you with additional features exclusive to their customers.
- 接入服务商仅仅为你提供你感兴趣的网页。你要访问互联网的不同地方就要选择不同的接入服务商：否。接入服务商为你提供访问互联网所有地方的条件。某些也为你提供客户增值服务。
- If a web page can't be viewed then it is probably because your ISP is out of service: False If your ISP is out of service, then you will not be able to access any web pages. It is a good idea to try other well know sites, e.g. www.bbc.co.uk. If you can see sites such as these, then the connection to your ISP is fine and the problem must lie with the website you were trying to access.
- 如果不能打开某个网页，那可能是因为你的接入服务商失职：否。如果你的接入服务商失职，你将不能访问任何网页。尝试一下你所知道的其它网站是一个不错的办法，比如 www.google.com 。如果你可以看到这些网站，那么你的接入服务商提供的连接没问题，这个问题肯定得由你想访问的网站负责。
Throughout the unit we will use terms such as Internet, Web, browser, URL and ISP. You may want to take note of how they are used in the unit to develop your understanding of their meaning in context.
在整个单元我们都将使用互联网、网页、浏览器、网址和接入服务商等词汇。你可能需要注意在本单元是怎么使用它们的以帮助你在上下文中理解其含义。
1.3 Health issues of studying online
1.3 在线学习的健康问题
Won't studying at a computer be bad for my health?
在计算机上学习会不会对我的健康造成损害？
Studying at a computer can affect your body. In particular, it is known that working at a computer display has the following health risks:
在计算机上学习会影响到你的身体。特别是，已知在计算机显示屏前面工作会造成以下身体伤害：
- Eye strain: Working at a screen causes you to stare more intently at a small area than you would under other circumstances.
- 眼睛疲劳：在屏幕前工作会令你专心凝视一小块地方而非其他情形。
- Upper limb disorders: These are sometimes referred to as RSI (repetitive strain injury).
- 上肢损伤：有时候称之为RSI（重复性劳损）。
- Headaches: Some people report headaches after working at a screen for a long period.
- 头疼：有些人报告在屏幕前长时间工作后会头疼。
Hence we suggest the following tips to alleviate most of these problems:
因此我们给出以下提示以尽可能减缓这些问题：
- Take frequent breaks.
- 频繁做片刻休息。
- Get your position comfortable, e.g. give yourself sufficient legroom.
- 调整一个舒服的姿势，如，有足够伸腿的空间。
- Make sure your chair and desk are the right height – your lower arms should be roughly horizontal and your feet flat on the floor.
- 确保桌椅高度适宜——你手臂下垂时前臂基本水平，脚踏在地板上。
- Make your working environment comfortable, e.g. arrange your monitor to avoid bright reflections on the screen.
- 确保工作环境舒适，如，调整显示器以避免屏幕过亮。
- Use the mouse correctly – keep the mouse within easy reach, do not grip it too tightly, and rest your fingers lightly on the buttons.
- 正确使用鼠标——保证鼠标易于移动，不要抓得太紧，手指轻放在按键上。
- Adjust your screen brightness and contrast to suit you and the lighting conditions.
- 调整屏幕到适合你的亮度和对比度，以及照明条件。
The following section discusses in more detail some of the health and safety aspects of using a computer.
以下章节讨论更多关于计算机使用的健康和安全方面的细节。
1.4 Tips on using your computer safely and comfortably
1.4 一些安全而舒适的使用计算机的提示
When you get a new computer, take time to read the manuals to find out how to adjust it. In many cases a few simple adjustments can make using a computer a lot easier and much more comfortable.
当你开始拿到一台新计算机的时候，花点时间去读一下手册找到如何调整他的办法。在很多情况下一点简单的调整就可以让一台计算机变得更宜用更舒适。
For example:
比如：
- How do you change the brightness of the screen?
- 你如何改变屏幕亮度？
- How do you adjust the keyboard so that it either slopes up or lies flat?
- 你如何调整键盘使之立起或平躺？
- How do you adjust the angle of the monitor?
- 你如何调整显示器角度？
The answers are likely to be in the manuals that come with the computer.
答案一般都在随机手册里。
1.4.1 Avoiding hazards
1.4.1 避免危险
If you are aware of potential risks you can take sensible action to reduce them, so do think about what might be difficult or even dangerous in what you are about to do before you do it.
如果你能察觉到潜在风险，你就可以采取明智的行为以规避它们，在你动手之前考虑你的所作所为可能带来的困难甚至危险。
Lifting and moving equipment
搬动和移动设备
Lifting and moving things that are awkward and heavy may result in back injuries, so take care when lifting.
搬动和移动笨重物品时容易导致背部损伤，因此请小心搬动。
If you have any existing injuries, be particularly careful to avoid doing anything that might make them worse.
如果你已经有任何损伤，更要小心避免做任何可能导致损伤恶化的事情。
Some simple tips:
一些简单提示：
- Bend your legs rather than your back so that you keep your back straight and take the weight with your legs.
- 弯腿好过弯腰，这样可以保持背部笔直，还可以将重量压在腿上。
- Avoid twisting or bending at the same time as lifting.
- 避免搬动的同时扭动或弯曲。
- Hold things close to your body when lifting. For example, it is not a good idea to stretch to the back of a desk to move a monitor, but better to move round to the back of the desk to move it.
- 搬动的时候保持物体贴紧身体。比如，直接探到桌子后面搬动显示器就不是个好主意，应该绕到桌子后面去搬动它。
- Get someone to help you if possible; it is generally much easier for two people to move things.
- 如果可能的话找个人帮助你；两个人搬东西要容易得多。
Safety with electrical equipment
电子设备安全
Electrical equipment can get hot and monitors (like televisions) have been known on occasion to burst into flames.
电子设备会变热，显示器（比如电视机）也曾经传言会产生火花。
It makes sense to check that your computer is switched off at night and unplugged – especially the monitor.
晚上检查计算机——特别是显示器已经断电并拔掉插头是有意义的。
Try to keep the cables (mains power and other computer leads) from getting under carpets or piles of paper because if a cable gets very hot it could start a fire.
尝试防止电缆（主电源和其他计算机连线）被地毯或纸堆覆盖，因为如果电缆变得过热就有可能引发火灾。
It is worth unplugging your computer and modem line when there are thunderstorms in the vicinity, as lightning strikes on phone lines can do damage to a computer that is left plugged in.
在打雷天拔掉计算机和调制解调制器的电源线是很有必要的，在电话线遭到雷击时会对还在连线的计算机造成危害。
Water and electricity do not mix, so avoid putting drinks where they could spill into your computer, and especially your monitor.
电子设备不能接触水，因此要避免将饮料放在计算机边上以防水倒进计算机特别是显示器里。
Avoiding repetitive strain injury
避免重复性劳损
RSI (repetitive strain injury) is a condition that may be linked to long periods of work at computers. To help avoid this, make sure that your workstation (computer, chair and desk) is set up correctly and take frequent breaks in which you exercise or stretch. There are a number of websites designed to help you use your personal computer safely and comfortably, for example IBM's Healthy Computing site.
重复性劳损是一种与长时间在计算机前工作相关的疾病。要避免这种疾病，请确保你的工作空间（计算机、桌子、椅子）正确摆放并频繁进行运动或伸展。这儿有一些网站可以帮助你安全而舒适地使用你的个人计算机，如IBM的健康使用计算机网站。
An alarm clock or kitchen timer with a loud ring, placed out of your reach when seated at the computer, can be a very effective reminder to take a break.
在远离计算机的地方放一个闹铃或带响铃的厨房定时器，对于帮助你休息非常有效果。
1.4.2 Creating a comfortable working environment
1.4.2 创建一个舒适的工作环境
The following suggestions concerning working with visual display units (VDUs) come from the 2003 Health and Safety Executive leaflet Working with VDUs.
以下关于在视觉显示设备前工作的建议来自2003年英国健康与安全执行局简报《在视觉显示设备前工作》。
- Adjust your chair and VDU (Visual Display Unit) to find the most comfortable position for your work. As a broad guide, your arms should be approximately horizontal and your eyes at the same height as the top of the VDU.
- 调整你的椅子和视觉显示设备找到对于你的工作最舒适的位置。一个主要的建议，你的前臂基本水平，眼睛和视觉显示设备的顶部处在相同高度。
- Make sure there is space underneath your desk to move your legs freely. Move any obstacles such as boxes or equipment.
- 确保在你桌子下面有空间让你自由活动腿部。移走所有障碍物如盒子、设备。
- Avoid excess pressure from the edge of your seat on the backs of your legs and knees. A footrest may be helpful, especially for smaller users.
- 避免座位边缘压迫大腿背侧和膝部。脚凳很有帮助，尤其是对小个子用户。
- Don't sit in the same position for long periods. Make sure you change your posture as often as practicable. Some movement is desirable, but avoid repeat stretching movements to reach things you need (if this happens a lot rearrange your workstation).
- 不要长时间保持一种坐姿。确保尽可能经常变换姿势。你需要一些活动，但不要反复探身子取东西（如果经常如此请重新布局你的工作空间）。
- Adjust your keyboard to get a good keying position. A space in front of the keyboard is sometimes helpful for resting the hands and wrists while not keying.
- 调整键盘以获得一个好的击键姿势。键盘前面留些空间有助于手和腕在不击键的时候稍作休息。
- Try to keep your wrists straight when keying. Keep a soft touch on the keys and don't overstretch your fingers. Good keyboard technique is important.
- 尝试击键时保持手腕自然。轻敲键盘，不要过分拉伸手指。好的键盘技巧很重要。
- Try different arrangements of keyboard, screen, mouse and documents to find the best arrangement for you. A document holder may help you avoid awkward neck and eye movements.
- 尝试分开放置键盘、屏幕、鼠标和文件，找出它们的最佳放置位置。文件支架可以帮助你避免转动脖子和眼睛时的不协调。
- Make sure you have enough work space to take whatever documents or other equipment you need.
- 确保你有足够的工作空间放置文件或其他你需要的设备。
- Arrange your desk and VDU to avoid glare, or bright reflections on the screen. This will be easiest if neither you nor the screen is directly facing windows or bright lights. Adjust curtains or blinds to prevent unwanted light.
- 摆放桌子和视觉显示设备以避免刺眼光芒或屏幕反光。让你自己或者屏幕避免直接面对窗户或亮光很容易就可以做到。调整窗帘或百叶窗以防止不需要的亮光。
- Individual characters on the screen should be sharply focused and should not flicker or move.
- 减少屏幕上高度聚焦、不闪动、不移动的元素。
- Make sure the screen surface is clean.
- 确保显示屏表面干净。
- Adjust the brightness and contrast controls on the screen to suit lighting conditions in the room.
- 调整屏幕的亮度和对比度以适合室内照明条件。
Customising the screen display
定制屏幕显示
Your working environment also extends to the software you use. When you are using software where you have a choice of fonts and colours on the screen, do choose ones which are easy to read. Remember that everyone is different and the settings that may be suitable for one person may not be suitable for you. In the majority of cases the default settings will be perfectly good. So make sure that:
你的工作环境也包括你使用的软件。当你在使用软件中选择字体和颜色的时候，请选择易于阅读的。记住，每个人都是不同的，这些设置可能适合别人而不适合你。默认设置大多数情况下都相当不错。请弄明白这些：
- The text is big enough for you to read easily.
- 文字要足够大以便阅读。
- There is enough contrast between the text and the background; in other words there should be quite a difference in brightness between the text and its background. For example black text on a dark green background is likely to be very uncomfortable to use over time and should be avoided.
- 文字和背景之间要有足够反差；换而言之，在文字和背景之间在亮度上要显著不同。比如，长时间接触暗绿色背景和黑色文字可能就非常不舒服，应该避免。
- The colour combination of text and background is comfortable. Some colour combinations (for example red and blue) may give optical illusions that are uncomfortable to view.
- 文字和背景的色彩组合要舒适。某些色彩组合（比如红和蓝）可能会导致视错觉，不适合阅读。
- The font (typeface) on your screen is easy for you to read.
- 屏幕字体要易于阅读。
- You avoid your screen becoming too cluttered with lots of windows all visible at the same time.
- 要避免被一大堆窗口弄乱屏幕。
1.4.3 Comfortable and safe for one, but not for all?
1.4.3 舒适和安全只是针对个人而非全体？
There may be many users of a single computer in your house, and each person is a different shape and size. This means that a single layout of the work area may not meet the needs of all of the users. If you have an adjustable chair or desk, it is sensible for each user to adjust it to fit them when they come to use the computer. You may find it helpful to mark the chair or desk to show the most comfortable settings for each person.
在你家里可能有很多人共同使用一台计算机，每个人的体型都不相同。这就意味着工作区域的单一布局可能不适合所有用户的需要。如果你的桌椅可调整，在用户使用计算机的时候为之调整桌椅以适应之，是一个明智的办法。你可以为每个人找到出最舒适的桌椅设置并标记下来。
You may need to place the monitor on top of something to raise it to the right height for different people. If the height needs to be changed frequently you might want to consider using an adjustable monitor arm that will allow you to move the monitor easily (and so help avoid the possibility of back injury).
你可能需要为不同的人摆放显示器以调整到适合的高度。如果需要经常改变高度，你可能需要考虑使用一个可调节高度的显示器支架，他可以让你轻松移动显示器（并帮助你避免背部损伤的可能性）。
A footrest of some form may be needed if users are not very tall. Such equipment does not have to be purpose built (though well designed equipment may be superior in some respects).
如果用户不是足够高的话，他可能需要一个某种形式的脚凳。这东西毫无疑问没有特制的（设计良好的设备在某些方面相当出众）。
Beware of products claiming to be 'ergonomic'. While some may be very effective, things can only be ergonomic if they are used in the correct way for given people and given circumstances. Remember, things are ergonomic only if they are safe, comfortable and easy for the person using them. Things should be designed or set up so that they suit the user and NOT so the user has to fit themselves to the technology.
要当心那些声称是符合“人机工程学”的产品。有些可能非常有效果，但也只有在特定人群和特定环境下以正确的方法操作才能发挥其人机工程学效果。记住，只有安全的、舒适的和易于人们使用的才是符合人机工程学的。应当是物役于人而非人役于物。
1.4.4 Useful links
1.4.4 有用的链接
Here are some useful links to sites relating to ergonomics and to information about using and setting up your computer.
这儿有一些与人机工程学相关和使用、设置计算机相关信息的有用网站链接。
- What is ergonomics? Find out at the Ergonomics Society website.
什么是人机工程学？在人机工程学社区网站可以找到答案。
- Health and Safety Executive home page, which is the entry to the HSE website. Within this site is a useful page that provides an alphabetical list of HSE documents including ones on Risk Assessment, Manual Handling, and Working with VDUs.
英国健康与安全执行局主页，是健康与安全执行局网站的入口。在这个网站提供了一份很有用的网页，健康与安全执行局文档列表 ，包括风险评估、手工处理和在视觉显示设备前工作。
- IBM's Healthy computing site.
联想公司的健康使用计算机 网站。
1.5 Managing files
1.5 管理文件
Another important skill when working electronically is being able to find files that you saved on your computer's hard disk.
电子化办公的另一个重要的技能是能够在计算机硬盘中找到你保存的文件。
Here are some tips for overcoming problems with file management:
这儿有一些帮助解决文件管理中问题的提示：
- Give your files meaningful names: ‘notes on studying online.doc’ rather than ‘notes.doc'
- 给你的文件一个有意义的名称：“在线学习相关笔记.doc”而非“zxxx.doc”。
- Use folders to organise your files.
- 使用文件夹管理你的文件。
- 安装一份Google Desktop 。[对不起，我夹带私货了……]
For example, I created the following folders for this unit. In My Documents I created a folder called ‘T180’. Then, inside the T180 folder, I created four more folders: ‘assignments’, ‘course material’, ‘images’ and ‘my notes’, but you might choose a different organisation.
比如，我为本单元创建以下文件夹。在我的文档里我创建一个叫做“T180”的文件夹，然后在T80文件夹里面创建四个文件夹：“作业”、“课程资源”、“图片”、“我的笔记”，当然你也可以选择其他的组织方式。
Here is what my folder structure looked like:
我的文件夹看上去像这样：
Create some folders as I did above.
你也可以像我上面这样创建文件夹。
Note that exactly what you see depends on the version of Windows that you are using and how it has been configured.
注意，你看到的不一定和我的相同，决定于你的操作系统版本以及你如何使用和配置它。
Save the following file into the ‘course material’ folder. Give it the name ‘learning_styles.pdf’. To download and save a file from a website, right-click on the link, and choose ‘Save Target As…’ (Internet Explorer) or ‘Save Link As…’ (Firefox). Then use the file selector dialog to select the folder and filename where you wish to save the file, and click Save.
保存一下文件到“课程资源”文件夹，命名为“学习风格.pdf”。要从网站下载并保存一个文件，需要在链接上点右键，然后选择“目标另存为……”（Internet Explorer）或“链接另存为……”（Firefox）。然后通过文件选择对话框来选择目标文件夹和文件名，最后点击保存。
Click on the 'View document' link below to read Jon Rosewell on 'Learning styles'.
点击下面的“阅读文档”链接，阅读罗伟强的《学习风格》。
View document
阅读文档
This is an example of a pdf file.
这是一个pdf文件的例子。
In order to open pdf files you need a piece of software called Adobe Reader installed on your computer.
要打开pdf文件你需要在你的计算机上安装一份Adobe Reader 或 Foxit Reader 软件[对不起，我又夹带私货了……]。
1.6 Installing Adobe Reader
1.6 安装Adobe Reader
Adobe Reader is available here.
在这里可以使用Adobe Reader。
If you do not yet have Adobe Reader installed in your machine, you can download the software at http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2_allversions.html.
如果你还没有安装 Adobe Reader，你可以从上面链接处下载此软件。
When you have installed the Adobe Reader you will be able to open the learning_styles.pdf file that you saved on your computer in the previous activity.
当你安装了Adobe Reader你就可以打开你上一步保存在你计算机上的学习风格.pdf文件了。
Use My Computer to locate this file, which you saved on your computer's hard disk.
进入“我的电脑”找到这个文件，如果你保存到你的计算机硬盘上的话。
If you followed my earlier instructions exactly, you will find the file on the C drive, in the My Documents, T180, course material folder.
Double-click on the learning_styles.pdf file.
如果你完全按照我前面的指示操作，那么你将在C盘我的文档下面的T180下面的课程资源文件夹中找到这个文件。
This will start up Adobe Reader and open the learning styles file.
然后将启动Adobe Reader并打开《学习风格》文件。
We will ask you to read this particular document in detail in the following section, so you do not need to read it now.
我们要求你在下一节仔细阅读这份专门文档，因此你现在不需要阅读它。
Although you can read a pdf file on screen, you may want to print a paper copy so that you can read it away from the computer. It is also easy to make comments on a paper copy.
尽管你可以在屏幕上阅读pdf文件，但你可能要打印出来在计算机之外阅读它。在纸张上也方便做批注。
Print out the learning_styles.pdf file
打印出学习风格.pdf文件
At various places on the OpenLearn site we have provided material in pdf format. You can save the files on your computer in the course materials folder you created earlier. You can also choose to print them, particularly if you wish to annotate them.
在OpenLearn网站的许多地方我们都提供pdf格式的素材。你可以保存这些文件到你计算机上早先创建的课程资料文件夹中。你也可以打印它们，特别是你想做批注的话。
2 What's going on – learning online
2 发生什么——在线学习
2.1 Your learning style
2.1 你的学习风格
Imagine you are going to learn a new task. It could be laying a laminate floor, following a new recipe or learning to use a new TV remote control. How do you approach the task?
想象你将要学习一门新任务。你可以躺在地板上学习，可以依照食谱来学，或者学习使用电视新遥控器。你打算怎么学习这门任务？
- Approach 1 Do you sit down with the instructions and read them through before trying?
- 方法1：你是否在开始尝试之前坐下来通读相关内容？
- Approach 2 Do you get stuck in to the task straight away? Do you ask others for help and then move on to a new task as soon as this one is complete?
- 方法2：你是否马上全身心投入这项任务？你向其他人寻求帮助并在该任务完成后迅速转移到另一项新任务去？
- Approach 3 Do you ask around and get advice, ponder on the topic and weigh up the different ways of doing the task?
- 方法3：你是否四处询问并得到指点，仔细考虑该主题并权衡完成gi任务的不同方案？
- Approach 4 Do you read the instructions but are eager to put them into practice and get on with the job?
- 方法4：你是否阅读内容时就急切的想去实践它们并开展工作？
These four approaches were characterised by Honey and Mumford as distinct styles of learning:
这四种方法是由洪倪和马富德描述的四种显著的学习风格：
- Theorists read the instructions before starting a task. You are a theoretical learner if you choose Approach 1.
- 理论型在开始任务之前阅读内容。如果你选择方法1你就是一名理论型学习者。
- Activists will explore the task and learn from this exploration. Activist learners would use Approach 2.
- 实践型探索任务并在探索中学习。实践型学习者选择方法2。
- Reflectors will think about the task in hand and consider the alternatives carefully before embarking on the task. This is a person who asks around and considers the different approaches to the task. This type of learner uses Approach 3 when learning new tasks.
- 反射型将思考手上的任务并在着手任务之前小心地考虑后备方案。这类人为任务四处询问并考虑多种方案。这些学习者在学习新任务的时候使用方法3。
- Pragmatists prefer to learn by testing. They would consider how to apply an approach to the task in hand. Pragmatists would choose Approach 4.
- 实用型更愿意通过尝试来学习。他们会考虑如何把一种方法用到手上的任务中去。实用型将选择方法4。
The document 'Learning styles' that you downloaded earlier describes Honey and Mumford's learning styles in greater detail.
你早先下载的文档《学习风格》详细描述了洪倪和马富德的学习风格理论。
Click on the 'View document' link below to read Jon Rosewell on 'Learning styles'.
点击下面的“阅读文档”链接，阅读罗伟强的《学习风格》。
View document
阅读文档
Read the Learning Styles document now. Consider which style you most usually employ.
现在阅读这份《学习风格》文档。思考你最常用哪种风格。
Of course you might do a bit of each, and you might use different techniques for different tasks.
当然你也可能每种都用一点点，也可能对于不同的任务使用不同的技巧。
2.1.1 Learning new tasks
2.1.1 学习新任务
We are about to turn our attention to the approach we take when learning about computers.
我们将把我们的注意力集中到在利用计算机学习时使用的方法上去。
Over the coming days think about how you learn to do new tasks, and in particular computing tasks. Think about the barriers you have to learning a new task. Do you fear failure? Breaking the computer? Feeling exposed?
在接下来的日子里思考你如何学习新任务，特别是计算机任务。思考你学习新任务的障碍是什么。你担心失败？计算机出故障？暴露情感？
2.2 Computing with confidence
2.2 满怀信心地使用计算机
When it comes to learning about computers and gadgets, have you noticed the apparent ease with which children learn to use these tools? This may be because they are more likely to use the activist learning style. They try out and investigate rather than follow instructions rigidly or ponder the different approaches to a problem.
当开始学习计算机和挂件时，你有没有注意到小孩子学习这些东西明显很轻松？这可能是因为他们更适合使用实践型学习。遇到问题他们会试验并研究而非机械的跟着说明书走或者考虑有几种解决办法。
In this unit we want to encourage you to be an activist when learning how to use computers. We want you to explore technological problems in the same way as a child. We have called this approach ‘computing with confidence’.
在这个单元我们鼓励你在学习如何使用计算机的时候是一个实践型学习者。我们希望你能像孩子一样探索技术问题。我们把这种方法称为“满怀信心地使用计算机”。
2.2.1 What is computing with confidence?
2.2.1 什么是满怀信心使用计算机？
A confident computer user is one who knows more than just the required key presses to operate the software they are using. The two most important qualities of a confident computer user are:
一个有信心的计算机使用者是这样一个人，他知道操作软件不仅仅是按几下键盘。有信心的计算机使用者有两个最重要的品质：
- knowing how to cope when things go wrong;
- 知道出错时如何应对；
- knowing how to learn new computing skills independently.
- 知道如何独立学习新的计算机技能。
2.2.2 Coping when things go wrong
2.2.2 出错时的应对
Personal computing is not a mature technology. It is changing so fast and becoming so complex that it never gets a chance to settle down and become really reliable. You need to learn ways of coping with this unreliability, to learn to laugh at the frustrations you will encounter and find ways of minimising the damage.
个人使用计算机的技术不是一种成熟的技术。它改变得如此之快、发展得如此复杂，以至于从来没有机会稳定下来、变得真正可靠。你需要学习应对这种不可靠的办法，学习嘲笑你将遭遇的挫折和找出降低危险的办法。
There are various ways of coping with computing problems:
这儿有一些应对计算机问题的办法：
- Save your work often – every few minutes, not every few hours.
- 经常保存你的工作——每隔几分钟而非几个小时。
- Back up all your important work regularly. This means making copies of files somewhere else – on a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, or another computer.
- 定期备份你的重要工作。这意味着在某处制作文件副本——在软盘上、光盘上或者其他计算机。
- Look for workarounds. There is usually more than one way of getting what you want done. If one way doesn't work, look for another.
- 寻找解决办法。经常有不止一个办法可以实现你的目标。如果这条路走不通，另找一条。
- Most software has built-in sources of help, which can come into their own when things don't work the way you expect them to.
- 大多数软件都自带有帮助资料，当软件没有如你所愿地运行你可以从帮助里得到一些东西。
- Develop and use your support network – friends or experts you can turn to when all else fails. Even the experts have their own experts to help when they get stuck!
- 发展和使用你的支持网络——当所有办法都失败的时候你还能求助的朋友或专家。甚至当专家被卡住的时候也还有他们自己可以求救的专家！
2.2.3 Learning new computing skills
2.2.3 学习新的计算机技能
There are several principles for learning new computing skills:
这里有一些学习新的计算机技能的原则：
- Don't be afraid to try things out and explore. You almost certainly won't do any harm by making mistakes – modern software will usually let you undo errors, and will warn you before performing potentially damaging actions.
- 不要害怕尝试和探索。
- Look for patterns. Find the differences and similarities between the ways in which things are done in different software, so you can begin to guess what to expect.
- 寻找模式。在不同软件完成同一件事情的办法之间找到不同和相似，这样你可以猜测将要发生什么。
- You will learn a lot by helping other people in addition to getting your own problems solved by them.
- 帮助别人，除了解决他们的问题你将学到很多。
We hope that during your study of unit you will be able to develop your support network further by using the Internet. Email, conferencing, chat, and the Web all greatly increase the ways in which you can seek for help and information and, of course, offer help to others.
我们希望在你学习本单元期间你能够进一步通过利用互联网发展你自己的支持网络。电子邮件、在线会议、实时聊天以及网页都极大地增加了你寻求帮助和信息的途径，当然，也增加了你为别人提供帮助的途径。
3 What it means
3 意味着什么
3.1 What it means
3.1 意味着什么
Most people's experience of learning is in a classroom (of a school, college or evening class). The teacher is there to give guidance and direction on what to do. Activities include reading books, taking notes, answering questions and working with other people.
大多数人对学习的体验都发生在教室（中学的，大学的或者夜校的）。在那里，教师对于要做什么给出指导和说明。活动包括阅读书本、记录笔记、回答问题以及与其他人合作。
Online learning is completely different. All the direction is provided by the course materials. Activities such as reading, note taking and answering questions mostly take place at the computer. Working with other people is done using email, conferencing and other electronic tools.
在线学习全然不同。所有说明都通过课程资源进行提供。注入阅读、记笔记和回答问题等挥动绝大多数都发生在计算机上。与他人合作要利用电子邮件、在线会议和其他电子工具来完成。
So we need a new set of skills for online learning. These include:
因此对于在线学习我们需要一组新的技能，包括：
- running software and manipulating windows;
- 运行软件并操作窗口；
- reading and taking notes from the computer screen;
- 在计算机屏幕上阅读和记笔记；
- managing computer files and formats;
- 管理计算机文件和格式；
- navigating the online course;
- 驾驭在线课程；
- managing your time online;
- 在线管理时间；
- communicating with other learners through email, conferencing, etc.
- 通过电子邮件、在线会议等联络其他学习者。
This unit has introduced you to some of these skills. However, just as learning how to study in the classroom takes several years to develop, so too learning to learn online takes time. You should expect to experiment with different approaches and think about what works best for you.
本单元为你介绍了这当中的一些技能。然而，仅仅学习如何在教室中学习就花费了许多年，因此学习如何在线学习也要这么多时间。你应当尝试不同的方法并考虑什么最适合你。
3.2 The development of online learning
3.2 开发在线学习
Online learning is a relatively new phenomenon but over the last few years many colleges, universities and workplaces have started to use online learning as part of their courses. The UK government-appointed Dearing Committee was set up to consider the future of higher education, and in the Dearing Report, published in 1997, made its recommendations. One of these was that all students should have access to a networked computer by 2000/2001 and their own networked portable computer by 2005/2006. Hence these skills of studying online are likely to be very relevant to your future.
在线学习是一种比较新的现象，但在过去几年里许多学院、大学和工厂开始将在线学习作为他们课程的一部分来使用。英国相关部门——为考虑高等教育的将来而建立的德林委员会在1997年出版的《德林报告》中提出建议。建议之一就是所有学生都应该在2000/2001年开始使用联网的计算机，到2005/2006年他们应该有自己的便携式计算机。今后这些在线学习技能可能会决定你的未来。
Why was the Dearing Report so certain that students would require access to computers? Partly because the members of the Dearing Committee believed that the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) could increase the quality of education, but mainly because they believed that use of ICT was key to delivering education cost-effectively. A background assumption of the Dearing Committee was that there would be a substantial increase in student numbers in higher education; however, this would only be affordable if there was a reduction in the unit cost of education, and use of ICT was seen as instrumental in achieving this.
德林报告为什么这么肯定要求学生使用计算机？部分原因是德林委员会的成员相信使用计算机和通信技术会增进教育质量，但主要是因为他们相信使用计算机和通信技术是减少办学成本的关键。德林委员会假设的背景是接受高等教育的学生人数会大幅增加；然而这只有在单位教育成本降低的情况下才能负担得起，而使用计算机和通信技术被看作有助于实现这一点。
Online learning could be cheap. For example, if lectures could be replaced by web pages containing the same information, material could be provided to an unlimited number of students at virtually no cost. However, this relies on a very limited notion of what online learning should be. It assumes that learning and teaching occur by simple transfer: knowledge is poured out of the teacher into the passive learner, and can equally well be poured through a computer screen as face-to-face.
在线教育可以很便宜。举例来说，如果包含相同信息的网页可以替代讲课，材料可以无限制的提供给学生而不计成本。然而，这依赖于一个非常局限的概念——在线学习应该是什么样的。这要假定教和学通过简单转换即可完成；知识通过教师的讲授令学生被动接受，那么知识从计算机屏幕中涌出也可以和面对面教学一样好。
But effective learning and teaching surely requires more than this. Educational researchers would point to many other facets of learning, for example that learning has a social dimension. Talking through ideas with teachers and other students and collaborating on group tasks may be important occasions for learning. Classroom learning can provide these opportunities, but it is a challenge to provide equivalent learning opportunities online. The communication technologies provided by the Internet are essential to enrich online courses.
但有效的教学肯定需要更多东西。教育研究者指出学习的许多其它特征，比如学习具有社会维度。与教师和其他同学深入探讨想法以及在小组任务中协作是学习的一项重要理由。课堂学习可以提供这些机会，但在线提供相同的学习机会却是一个挑战。要丰富在线课程必须要有互联网提供的通信技术。
Online learning is one method of distance learning. For an institution such as the Open University, which has been offering distance learning for over 30 years, online learning provides another way of achieving its mission, particularly as expressed in its mission statement:
在线学习是远程学习的一种。对于开放大学等机构，已经提供了超过三十年的远程教学，在线学习为实现其使命提供了另外一条途径，尤其表现在它的使命声明：
OPEN AS TO PEOPLE The Open University is open as to people – making university study available to an increasingly large and diverse student body, and providing learning opportunities that meet individuals’ lifelong learning needs.
开放教育对象：开放大学为所有人而开放——为日益庞大和多样化的学生群体提供大学学习，为满足个人终生学习需要而提供学习机会。
OPEN AS TO PLACES The Open University is open as to places – providing learning opportunities in the home, workplace and community throughout the UK and selectively elsewhere, and serving an increasingly mobile population.
开放教育时空：开放大学为所有场所而开放——为全英国家庭、单位和社区或其它地方提供学习机会，以及为日益增多的流动人口提供服务。
OPEN AS TO METHODS The Open University is open as to methods – using and developing the most effective media and technologies for learning, teaching and assessment whilst attaching central importance to the personal academic support given to students; and working collaboratively with others to extend and enrich lifelong learning.
开放教育方法：开放大学为所有教学方法而开放——开发和使用最有效的媒体和技术，用于学习、教育和评估给予学生学业支持的核心价值；用于与其他人的协作办公以扩展和丰富终生学习。
OPEN AS TO IDEAS The Open University is open as to ideas – developing a vibrant academic community that reflects and supports the diversity of intellectual interests of all our students and staff and that is dedicated to the advancement and sharing of knowledge through research and scholarship.
开放教育观念：开放大学为所有教育观念而开放——发展一个活跃的、能体现和支持我们所有学生和员工在知识兴趣方面多样性的学术社区，致力于促进和分享研究与做学问产生的知识。
(Source: Plans for Change, The Open University, 2002)
（来源：《准备改变》，开放大学，2002年出版）
Online learning can allow students to study at the time and place that is convenient for them. This fits into the view of a learning society espoused in the Dearing Report, where learning continues throughout life, ‘on demand’ and often situated in work.
在线学习可以允许学生在他们方便的时间和场所进行学习。这与德林报告所赞同的学习型社会的观点相吻合，在这里，学习可以持续终生，可以“按需提供”，也可以在工作时进行。
So is online learning the answer? An idealist view is that the medium and mode of learning should suit the content and the learner, so that a course may best be composed of a variety of different components delivered through the medium that best suits them. This may include both online and face-to-face learning, and a mix of media including print and online elements.
那么在线学习就是答案？理想主义者的看法是，学习的方法和模式要与内容和学习者相适应，这样一个课程最好由多种不同部分通过最适合的方法组成。这可能包括在线和面对面两种学习方法，以及打印物和在线资料的混合媒体。
Acknowledgements
致谢
All materials included in this unit are derived from content originated at the Open University.
本单元所有素材均衍生自开放大学开发的内容。
