2007年3月19日星期一

翻译《开源运动如何改变教育：成功十例》


How the Open Source Movement Has Changed Education: 10 Success Stories

开源运动如何改变教育：成功十例

Published on Thursday 1st of March, 2007

2007年3月1日星期四发布

How would you like to study at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) for free? It has been nearly six years since MIT first announced their MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW) program. More recently, MIT announced that the OCW program, a free and open educational resource (OER) for educators, students, and self-learners around the world, is online and will be completed by 2008. The OCW provides open access to course materials for up to 1,550 MIT courses, representing 34 departments and all five MIT schools. The goal is to include materials from all MIT courses by next year.

你是否想在麻省理工免费学习？麻省理工开放 麻省理工开放课件（OCW）项目已有近六个年头。最近，麻省理工正式发布OCW项目，一个在线的，为全世界教育者、学生和自学人士提供的免费而开放的教育资源（OER），将在2008年完成 。OCW为多达1550门麻省理工课程 提供开放内容的课程素材，涉及34个系和所有五个分校。其目标是在明年囊括所有麻省理工课程的素材。

MIT provides just one of the 10 open source educational success stories detailed below. Open source and open access resources have changed how colleges, organizations, instructors, and prospective students use software, operating systems and online documents for educational purposes. And, in most cases, each success story also has served as a springboard to create more open source projects.

麻省理工仅仅是下面所述十个成功开源教育事例中的一个。开放源码和开放内容的资源在一定程度上已经改变高校、机构、教师和未来的学生，使其出于教学目的而使用软件、操作系统和在线文档。同时，在大多数情况下，每一个成功的事例也为创造更多开源项目提供了跳板。

Colleges

高校

  1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): MIT is the success story in this category, as this college started the intiative that pulled many colleges from all over the world into the OER initiative. In 1999, Provost Robert A. Brown asked a committee of MIT faculty, students, and administrators to provide strategic guidance on how MIT could advance knowledge and education to students in science, technology, and other scholarship areas. This mission was to literally fulfill MIT's mission statement about how to best serve "the nation and the world in the 21st century."
  2. 麻省理工学院 （MIT）：作为引领世界上许多高校主动进入开放教育资源领域的发轫学校，麻省理工是这个类别里的成功事例。在1999年，教务长Robert A. Brown要求教职工、学生与行政人员委员会就麻省理工如何为学生在科学、技术和其他知识领域预先提供知识和教育来提供战略指导。这一任务毫不夸张地履行了麻省理工的关于如何在“在21世纪面向全国乃至全世界 ”做到最佳服务的使命声明。

Based on that premise, MIT's OCW began to provide users with open access to class syllabi, lecture notes, course calendars, problem sets and solutions, exams, reading lists, and even a selection of video lectures in 2003. Eleven other U.S. colleges plan to follow MIT's example, and six of those 12 colleges have offered an online presence (other than MIT):

基于此前提，麻省理工的OCW开始为用户提供开放内容的课程大纲、讲义、问题集和解答、练习、阅读书目，甚至2003年提供了一部分讲课视频。美国另有十一所高校计划跟随麻省理工，现在这十二所高校中的六所已经提供在线服务（不算麻省理工）：

It would be important to note that the colleges that offer OCW courses are not meant to serve as "distance learning" initiatives. Credits and degrees are not offered through access to open sources and participants don't have access to university faculty with these resources.

但也必须注意到，高校提供OCW课程并不意味着提供“远程教学”服务。通过访问开放资源不会获得学分或学位，参与其中也不能进入大学院系。

Organizations

机构

  1. OpenCourseWare Consortium: The OpenCourseWare Consortium is a by-product of MIT's OER initiative, and its rate of growth makes this a clear success in the educational field. This group now includes members from 16 countries, not including the 14 additional affiliate organizations in its fold. Of these, China is the largest participant with 30 colleges that are active in OpenCourseWare Consortium programs under the organizational group CORE (China Open Resources for Education).
  2. 开放课件联盟：开放课件联盟是麻省理工启动开放教育资源的副产品，它的增长速度令其在教育领域取得显著成功。该组织现在的成员来自16个国家，还不包括其下属14个附属机构。当然，中国作为最大的参与者，有30所高校活跃在其组织机构CORE（中国开放式教育资源共享协会）下的开放课件联盟项目中。[按：这30所大学是协会会员，实际上参加国家精品课程计划开放国家级和省级精品课程的学校有326所，应该把国内大学一网打尽了吧？]

Other groups have also climbed on the open source bandwagon, and some corporations have seen benefits in bringing open source products and services to the arena. Sun Microsystems, Inc.'s offering, Global Education and Learning Community (GELC), now serves as a nonprofit organization that provides an online portal for teachers to share resources and knowledge that would otherwise go undiscovered. Other organizations include (but aren't limited to):

其他团体也登上了开源的列车，一些公司已经看到在其工作场所使用开源产品和服务的好处。升阳微系统公司提供的全球教育与学习社区（GELC），目前作为一家非营利机构为教师提供在线门户以共享用其他方法不能发现的资源和知识。其他组织包括（而不限于）：

  • Open Source Education Foundation — Purpose is to enhance K-12 education through the use of technologies and concepts derived from The Open Source and Free Software movement.
  • 开源教育基金会 ——目的是通过使用来自于开源和自由软件运动的技术和观念，提高中学及以下阶段的教育。
  • School Forge — Mission is to unify independent organizations that advocate, use, and develop open resources for primary and secondary education.
  • School Forge ——使命是将助长、使用和开发中小学教育开放资源的独立组织统一起来。
  • Global Network Academy — Purpose is the research and development of open source tools that promote distance learning and online communities.
  • 全球网络学会 ——宗旨是研究和开发促进远程教学和网上社区的开源工具。

Online Encyclopedias

在线百科全书

  1. Wikipedia: Wikipedia is the clear success story here, despite the recent row created by user editing. Nothing could be more open than this user-generated online encyclopedia that allows users to modify its contents. With that said, while many universities point to Wikipedia as a starting resource for some projects, few professors will accept a citation from this site. And, The Wikipedia Foundation agrees.
  2. 维基百科：维基百科是这个领域里显著成功的例子，尽管最近有因为用户编辑引起的争吵。没有什么比这个用户生成的允许用户编辑内容的在线百科全书更加开放了。因此，许多大学的一些研究项目以维基百科为启动资源，个别教授也接受对该站点的引用。当然，维基百科基金会允许这样做。

Despite its reputation as an unreliable source, Wikipedia has branched off into various translations and even into other areas like its Wikiversity, a community for the creation and use of free learning materials and activities. Wikipedia's venture also has forged the way for other ventures. The following initiatives validate this Web site's importance, even with a new beginning by Wikipedia's co-founder, Larry Sanger, that will be monitored and edited by registered users:

尽管被斥之为来源不可靠，但维基百科仍分化出多个变种，甚至进入了其他领域，如Wikiversity，一个可以创建和使用自由学习素材和活动的社区。维基百科的经历为其他网站树立了榜样。下列网站证实了维基百科的重要性，即使维基百科创始人之一Larry Sanger创建的条目，也要经历其他注册用户的审核。

  • Citizendium - Sanger's experimental new wiki project.
  • Citizendium——Sanger的新维基实验项目。
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) - Stanford University's highly monitored source that meets academic standards and that can be used for citations.
  • 斯坦福哲学百科全书（SEP）——由于斯坦福大学严格控制来源，这些词条达到学术标准并且可以被引用。
  • Connexions - A Rice University initiative, Connexions is more than an encyclopedia in that approaches learning in modules (a non-linear approach) that develop into courses. This resource is so free with its content that it even offers to share its technology.
  • Connexions——赖斯大学发起的一个项目，Connexions不止是一个百科全书，还用在课程当中研究模块化（非线形方式）学习。该资源是如此自由以至于除了内容还共享了它的技术 。

Online Collections

在线收藏

Online collections, whether specific or general, have enriched educational experiences for anyone with Internet access. Some sites charge for access to their collections, like Picture History. Some sites charge for some services like copying and research, yet offer open digital access to a variety of materials (like The Library of Virginia). In this category, the student is safe to use most of these resources as a citable source, as these collections contain many primary source materials. But, just like any brick-and-mortar archive or library, some online open sources are limited by a lack of funds.

在线收藏，不管特殊或一般，都可以令任何可以上网的人增强教育体验。某些站点为访问其收藏而收费，如Picture History。某些站点为复印或研究等服务收费，但提供开放获取若干种数字材料（如弗吉尼亚图书馆 ）。在这个类别里，学生科将绝大多数资源用作可引用资源，因为这些收藏包含了许多原始来源资料。但是，就像任何真实的档案馆或图书馆，一些在线开放资源也受到缺乏资金的限制。

For instance, you might see notices like the one that Virginia Commonwealth University professor Roice Luke and University of Richmond associate professor Darrell Walden put out to the general public. They've asked for volunteers to help them digitalize the Virginia Freedmen Project, a collection of records from The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, a federal agency established in 1865 that assisted freed slaves in becoming citizens after the Civil War.

比如，你可能看到类似弗吉尼亚州立大学教授卢若思和里士满大学副教授瓦达瑞发出的这个通知。他们请求义工帮助他们数字化弗吉尼亚自由民项目 ，收藏来自难民、自由民和废弃土地管理局，一个成立于1865年的帮助内战后获释的奴隶成为公民的联邦机构的工作记录。

  1. Project Gutenberg: This open access project seems to fade in comparison to the updated presence provided by Google Scholar Beta. However, Project Gutenberg — launched in 1971 by Michael Hart — provides the first example of a free library project and the first producer of free electronic books. And, despite the fact that flashier faces have moved into this arena, Project Gutenberg still enjoys over two million downloads per month.
  2. 古腾堡项目：与不断更新的Google学术搜索 相比较，该开放内容项目似乎有些不显眼。但是，古腾堡项目——1971年由Michael Hart启动——提供了第一个免费图书馆项目的样例和第一个免费电子图书生产者。而且，尽管事实上在这个领域不断有新人加入，但古腾堡项目依然每月吸引超过两百万次的下载。

The Internet Archive also shores this category as an example of an open access resource. This nonprofit online library includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages in their collections. Like a paper library, this archive provides open access to researchers, historians, scholars, and the general public.

互联网档案馆也可作为一个开放内容资源的例子支持本类别。这个非盈利在线图书馆除了在他们的收藏中存档网页之外还包含文字、声音、动画和软件。就像真实图书馆一样，这个档案馆也向研究人员、历史学家、学者和一般大众开放。[夹带私货：国内相应的网站是北京大学网络实验室开发建设的中国网页历史信息存储与展示系统中国Web信息博物馆 。目前已经维护有10亿以中文为主的网页，并以平均每月一千万网页的速度扩大规模。]

It's impossible to offer all the online research materials available online, so I'll point you to the Directory of Open Access Journals so you can find documents that might fit your interests.

它不可能提供网上所有研究资料，因此我们要告诉你开放内容期刊目录，这样你可以找到你可能感兴趣的文档。

Operating Systems

操作系统

  1. Linux: Without hesitation, Linux provides the success story in this category. Linux was created by a student (Linus Torvalds) in Helsinki in 1991 with the assistance of developers from around the world. Linux is free, it shares its work with everyone — including competitors — and its business model is motivated primarily by adrenaline, altruism, and peer respect rather than by money. Yet, Linux's functionality, adaptability and robustness has made it the main alternative for proprietary operating systems, especially where budgets are a main concern.
  2. Linux：勿需考虑，Linux系统提供了这个类别中的成功事例。Linux系统于1991年由一名赫尔辛基学生（Linus Torvalds）在全世界开发者的帮助下创建的。Linux系统是免费的，它与所有人分享成果——包括竞争对手，它的商业模式主要由兴趣、利他主义和尊重同伴来激励，而非金钱。然而，Linux系统的功能、适应性和鲁棒性使得它成为专有操作系统的主要替代物，尤其当预算成为主要考量时。

Look for Ubuntu to enter this category as an up-and-coming success story. This particular Linux distribution combines the breadth of Debian and includes the latest Gnome release in its download. It's based on a user-friendly interface for the individual who wants to wean himself from proprietory systems (such as Microsoft Windows or Mac OS).

我们期待乌邦托作为很有前途的成功事例进入这个类别。这个特殊的Linux发行版本在其下载中包含了Debian 的内容和最新版本的Gnome 。它为想要摆脱专有操作系统（比如微软视窗或Mac OS）的人提供了一个易于使用的界面。

Based on the philosophy that "It Should Just Work", Ubuntu provides solutions that can be used on the desktop or on servers. Many librarians have embraced Ubuntu as a solution to proprietary operating costs and licensing fees. Additionally, Ubuntu offers Edubuntu as an open source OS targeted to schools and other educational environments.

基于“只用于工作”的哲学理念，乌邦托提供用于桌面或服务器的解决方案。许多图书管理员都拥抱乌邦托以解决专有操作系统的费用和授权费用问题。此外，乌邦托针对学校和其他教育环境提供教育乌邦托开源操作系统。

You can use Netcraft to "peek" into a Web site's platform to determine if its claim to "open" source or access extends to its OS and to its server as well.

你可以利用Netcraft 查看一个网站的平台以确定它是否如自称“开放”源代码或同时延伸访问其操作系统和服务器。

Software

软件

The open source software/Free software (OSS/FS) category is broad, so the means to narrow this niche down to one single success story is more difficult than any other in this list. Plus, there's a minor difference betwee OSS and FS, as OSS implies open access to source code as well as to distribution and licensing. FS, on the other hand, implies that the code, distribution, and licensing are up to the individual who uses the software. This difference seems minor at first glance, but if you read closely you'll realize that an individual can sell FS materials for profit (see the Free Software Foundation for further clarity).

开源软件/自由软件（OSS/FS）类别很广，因此不像列表中的其他类别，很难将目标缩小到单独一个成功事例上去。再加上在开源软件和自由软件之间有些细微差别。开源意味着在开放发行版本和授权许可的同时也开放源代码；另一方面，自由软件 意味着使用该软件的用户决定如何处理软件的代码、发行版本和授权。这种差异乍看似乎很小，但如果你仔细阅读你就会明白个人可以销售自由软件资源以牟利（详见自由软件基金会 相关说明 ）

  1. OpenOffice.org: Based on a focus in education and a pattern of high usage within educational structures (students and instructors), OpenOffice.org provides the success story in this category. This software makes the transition from educational environments to business applications with its multi-platform office productivity suite. Owned by Sun Microsystems, this front-end application seeks to replace proprietary software (such as Microsoft Office) with its broad language offerings and its features as well as with its collaborative efforts with users. Look for continued efforts to combine other open source applications, such as Mozilla's Lightning, which combines the Sunbird calendar with Thunderbird email.
  2. OpenOffice.org：基于对教育的关注和在教育人员（学生及教授 ）中最常用的模式，OpenOffice.org成为此类别中的成功事例。该软件利用其多平台办公生产套件从教育环境过渡到商业应用。这个由升阳微系统公司拥有的面向用户的应用软件旨在依仗其与用户的努力协作 及广泛的语言支持 来替代专有软件（如微软办公系统）。OpenOffice.org仍在努力融合其他开源软件，比如Mozilla的Lighting项目 ，它融合了Sunbird 日程管理软件和Thunderbird电子邮件客户端。

Running neck-to-neck with Open Office is the Sakai Project, an "online Collaboration and Learning Environment" that seeks to replace many proprietary educational software in classrooms from kindergarten to college.

与开源办公系统并驾齐驱的是Sakai 项目 ，一个旨在替代从幼儿园到高校教室内许多专有教育软件的“在线协作与学习环境”。[夹带私货：这类东西国内常用的是Moodle。]

Browsers

浏览器

  1. Mozilla Firefox: This browser probably doesn't need an introduction or an argument as the success story for this category. But, to be fair, it should be mentioned that all products offered through the Mozilla Firefox Web site are available free-of-charge for Windows, Mac, and Linux computers in more than 35 languages. This compatibility and availability meets all the standards suggested by the OpenSourceWare Consortium and its major supporter, the The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
  2. Mozilla Firefox：这个浏览器成为本类别的成功事例可能不需要介绍或理由。但平心而论，在Mozilla Firefox网站的所有产品都应当被提及，他们被翻译超过35种语言，面向Windows、Mac和Linux系统免费。它的兼容性和可用性均符合开放课件联盟及其主要支持者——弗罗拉·休利特与威廉基金会 所建议的全部标准。

Education

教育

Open source or access projects are receiving attention in the classroom as well. While many projects have relied on cooperation between developers and user groups — and they still do — colleges are now seeing the wisdom in creating an atmosphere that encourages an understanding for these resources.

开源或开放访问项目也正受到来自教室的关注。当许多项目都依赖于——也将继续依赖——开发者和用户群两方面的合作时，高校正在想办法创造能激励师生领会这些资源的氛围。

  1. Google: Google provides the success story here, simply because their apps bring books, scholarly journals, maps, news, patent searches, docs and spreadsheets, and even API code to any browser or OS. Google has won the hearts and minds of many instructors and students. But, that's not the only story behind this success. Google offers a page for educators to learn how to use these apps in the classroom. Google employees are out into the field in efforts to reach University of Washington classes as well.
  2. Google：在这里Google提供了成功事例，可以简单的归结为他们的应用为所有浏览器或操作系统带来图书、学术期刊、地图、新闻、专利搜索、文档和表格，甚至应用程序接口代码。Google获得许多教授和学生的青睐，但这不是它成功的唯一理由。Google为学习如何在教室中使用这些应用提供了教育者应用网页。Google员工也开始涉足此领域，努力扩展到华盛顿大学教室里。

Other educational options are few and far between at this point; but, since Carnegie Mellon West's Software Management program has incorporated a course about open source software into its program, you might expect other schools to follow suit.

在这方面的其他教育选择实属凤毛麟角；但自从卡内基梅隆大学西区 的软件管理项目将有关开源软件的课程融合到项目 当中以后，你可能期待其他学校效法之。

Individuals

个体

With resources like EDUCAUSE that focus on how open source projects can benefit teachers and students, the clear success story in this category belongs to the people who — whether for economic reasons or for the sheer delight in learning to use a "free" resource — belong to the educational side of this open source movement:

像EDUCASE 这样关注如何利用开源项目让教师学生获利的资源，这个类别里的显著成功事例属于这样一类人——无论出于经济原因还是纯粹出于兴趣来学习如何使用“免费”资源——他们是开源运动中教育战线的人。

  1. Instructors: Instructors, along with their educational institutions, have made the decision that open source venues supply the economic solution to problems defined by school budgets. Although the learning curve is not easy at times, instructors from preschool to Ph.D. levels have found resources that help them to decide what to use, when to use it, and how it's all done. These resources are often delineated by subjects, countries, and languages, but all can find resources on the Internet — like through the EduResources Portal — that can lead to solutions for open source questions.
  2. 教师：教师，加上所属教育机构，为有限的学校经费提供经济上的解决方案，决定使用大量开源应用。虽然上手不容易，从幼儿园教师到博士导师，各级教师都发现帮助他们决定使用什么资源、什么时候使用以及如何使用资源来完成工作。这些资源往往通过学科、国家和语言来描述，但互联网——如通过教育资源门户 ——上所有能找到的资源都可以用来解决开源问题。
  1. Students: Although some students feel that programs like the OCW deprive a student of the bond that often comes from a student/instructor relationship, most students have embraced open sources and open access with a budget-minded joy and with a skeptical eye toward college programs. An MIT survey of users showed that about a third of freshmen who were aware of MIT's OCW site before attending the university said it made a significant impact on their decision to enroll.
  2. 学生：虽然有些学生 感觉像开放课件（OCW）这类项目剥夺了学生的师生联系，但大多数学生欢迎因为预算而使用的开源和开放内容的资源，而对于学校项目则报以怀疑的态度。麻省理工的一项调查 显示，大约三分之一的新生在入学之前就已经知道其开放课件（OCW）网站，并表示它对他们选择麻省理工有着重大的影响。

Other student benefits to using open source and open access include:

使用开源和开放内容资源给学生带来的其他好处包括：

  • An increase in educational opportunities for those who can't access a classroom.
  • 为那些不能进入教室的人增加教育机会。
  • The ability to see the value and quality of courses offered before making an application to a college.
  • 在向学校提交一项应用之前就看到对应课程的价值和质量的能力。
  • Access to supplemental learning materials.
  • 接触更多学习资源。

Finally, I should point out that a fine line between open source and open access has been defined as well. Open source, according to the linked article, "refers to any enterprise where data (e.g. journal article, piece of software) may be modified by the relevant community and those modifications may be recontributed to the larger whole." Open access, on the other hand, has come to mean data — like peer-reviewed documents — that may be read without charge. But I would argue that a person can modify how open access materials are perceived when these documents are cited in new theoretical works.

最后，我要指出在开源和开放内容的定义 之间也仅一线之隔。开源，根据前面链接文章所说，“是指任何企业内部可供其它相关团体进行编辑的数据（例如期刊文章、一份软件），而且这些对数据的修改应当再回馈给整个相关团体。”开放内容则不同，总的来说意味着数据——像结对审查的文档——可以免费阅读。但我认为一个人可以根据不同的理论的解释而编辑开放内容资源。

The terms within the "open" educational realm, just as the formats listed in the categories above, will continue to evolve as "open" education permeates society beyond the college campus. If you take part in the success stories listed above, you may discover new success stories that are developing every day.

教育界中如以上类别所列样式的带有“开放”的术语，将会继续把“开放”教育渗透到大学校园以外的社会中去。你如果参加到以上成功事例当中，你会发现每天都有新的成功事例在产生。

Update (3/8/07):

更新（07年3月8日）：

Since this article was published, we've received numerous e-mails and responses to our choices for the "10 Success Stories" listed above. The loudest protest concerned our Moodle omission, and a slap on the wrist is deserved for that oversight. We were most impressed with the Open Office transition from education to business, so our measurements for success went beyond the educational platform in this instance. We apologize for our omission, and we'll be anxious to see how Moodle fares when we decide to update this list at a later date.

自从这篇文章发表以来，我们就对上文所选“成功十例”的反应接到大量电子邮件。意见多集中在我们遗漏了Moodle。对于这种忽视，完全应该批评。我们过于关注OpenOffice从教育到商业的转变，以至于我们在这个示例上对成功的评价标准超出了教育平台。我们为疏忽而道歉，我们将马上去了解Moodle的进展程度，我们决定稍后更新这份清单。

Some readers noted that MIT went with a commercial option (Microsoft Content Management Server 2002) for their content management system. We recognized this matter as MIT is "open" about this choice and they state their reasons behind their selection. (They do use Linux for their operating system.) Still, we stand behind our selection because MIT has motivated many other higher learning institutions to incorporate open access to materials online, and because MIT's efforts behind the OpenCourseWare Consortium could not go unrecognized.

有读者指出麻省理工利用一套商业方案（微软内容管理服务器2002）作为其内容管理系统。我们认可这件事是因为麻省理工在选择上 是“公开”的以及他们随后申明了他们的理由（他们使用Linux作为操作系统）。我们仍然坚持我们的选择是因为麻省理工促使许多其他高等学习机构加入到使用在线资源的行列中，还因为麻省理工在开放课件联盟中的努力不能不让人肯定。

We also understand that our criteria for judging weren't that apparent to our readers. We made our choices based upon the following:

我们也知道我们的判别标准对我们读者并不是很明显。我们的选择依据如下：

  • Initial offerings, i.e. was this choice the first to offer open access/open source materials and platforms, and if not, have they been around long enough to influence how open source/open access is perceived within a given category?
  • 最先提供，比如这项选择是第一个提供开放内容/开放源码i源和平台，如果不是，他们是否长期坚持以影响特定领域对开放源码/开放内容的认识？
  • Their readership levels, but even more so on how they've affected and continue to affect learning at all levels. (Although the focus remained primarily at the college level for this article.)
  • 用户层面，但更在意他们是如何影响和持续影响各层面用户的学习的（虽然这篇文章主要关注高校层面）。
  • How that choice altered the open source/access aspects in other areas, both geographically and as inspiration for further development.
  • 该项选择如何在其他领域改变开放源码/开放内容的面貌的，无论是在广泛性方面还是对其未来发展给予启迪。
  • Their popularity based on international access and language offerings.
  • 他们的国际化程度和所提供的语言数量。
  • Not judged on the amount of money used/needed to gear up, expand, or to continue operations.
  • 不根据金钱来进行判断，不管是用于或需要用于促进、扩展或继续工作的金钱。

With that said, so many open source apps and open access tools (such as Elgg, Lams, Plone, Dspace, .LRN, LogiCampus, etc.) have joined this movement with so many offereings that it's impossible to mention them all here. Additionally, we didn't set out to add more than one link to each category, but we felt that all the sources mentioned deserved notice. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, for example, offers more than encyclopedic information and they're definitely more citable than Wikipedia. But, once again, we stand by our choices for this go-round based upon our criteria (except for Moodle) .

这样一来，加入到这个运动当中并作出大量贡献的开源应用和开放内容工具（比如Elgg 、Lams 、Plone、Dspace、.LRN、LogiCampus 等）是如此之多以至于不可能一一列举。另外，我们不打算为每个类别多加哪怕一个链接，但我们觉得所有提到的资源都应受到关注。比如斯坦福哲学百科全书，提供无比丰富的信息，他们肯定比维基百科更适合引用。但是，我们依据我们的标准再一次坚持我们的选择（Moodle除外）。

We think that this educational movement is vital and necessary, and that all open source/access tools should be heralded. Thank you to all who made their voices heard on our choices and about your choices as well.

我们认为这项教育运动是至关重要而且必要的，所有开放源码/开放内容工具应该受到欢迎。感谢所有对我们的选择发言的人，也感谢你们作出自己的选择。


http://oedb.org/library/features/how-the-open-source-movement-has-changed-education-10-success-stories


作者： Orca 于 3/19/2007 01:23:00 下午

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